Multi-axis Fused Deposition Modeling using parallel manipulator integrated with a Cartesian 3D printer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21152/1750-9548.15.3.251Abstract
An attempt was made to build a simple and low-cost device capable of positioning 3D prints for the process of additive manufacturing to conveniently allow the desired extend of the existing 3D printing capabilities. 3D printing with the use of increased number of axes, as compared to the standard approach, can eliminate such disadvantages of FDM technology as orthotropy of prints, surface roughness, and the consumption of both time and material devoted to make support structures. A CAD design of a parallel manipulator, used as a positioning table (platform), was developed, which was used for numerical simulations, and then a physical manipulator was made. The table was tested independently, i.e., as a stand-alone device, and, next, in cooperation with a 3D printer which allowed to obtain non-planar prints. The obtained results allowed for both the identification of problems related to multi-axis 3D FDM printing and an attempt to formulate concepts enabling to overcome them via adequate design and control modifications. The raised conclusions will be used to further development and more comprehensive understanding the phenomena that are present during the investigated manufacturing process.
References
Gibson I, Rosen D, Stucker B. Direct Digital Manufacturing. Additive Manufacturing Technologies. Springer New York; 2015;375–97. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2113-3_16
Chakraborty D, Aneesh Reddy B, Roy Choudhury A. Extruder path generation for Curved Layer Fused Deposition Modeling. Computer-Aided Design. Elsevier BV; 2008 Feb;40(2):235–43. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2007.10.014
Diegel O, Singamneni S, Huang B, Gibson I. Getting Rid of the Wires: Curved Layer Fused Deposition Modeling in Conductive Polymer Additive Manufacturing. Key Engineering Materials. Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.; 2011 Feb;467-469:662–7. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.467-469.662
Dai C, Wang CCL, Wu C, Lefebvre S, Fang G, Liu Y-J. Support-free volume printing by multi-axis motion. ACM Transactions on Graphics. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM); 2018 Aug 10;37(4):1–14. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3197517.3201342
Song H-C, Ray N, Sokolov D, Lefebvre S. Anti-aliasing for fused filament deposition. Computer-Aided Design. Elsevier BV; 2017 Aug;89:25–34. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2017.04.001
Micali MK, Dornfeld D. Fully three-dimensional toolpath generation for point-based additive manufacturing systems. InSolid Freeform Fabrication Symposium 2016 (Vol. 27).
Wulle F, Wolf M, Riedel O, Verl A. Method for load-capable path planning in multi-axis fused deposition modeling. Procedia CIRP. Elsevier BV; 2019;84:335–40. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2019.04.188
Tam K-MM, Mueller CT. Additive Manufacturing Along Principal Stress Lines. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing. Mary Ann Liebert Inc; 2017 Jun;4(2):63–81. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2017.0001
Ahlers D, Wasserfall F, Hendrich N, Zhang J. 3D Printing of Nonplanar Layers for Smooth Surface Generation. 2019 IEEE 15th International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE). IEEE; 2019 Aug; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coase.2019.8843116
Kupol Inc., date accessed on 25-04-2021. https://www.nonplanar.xyz/nozzles
Faria C, Fonseca J, Bicho E. FIBR3DEmul—an open-access simulation solution for 3D printing processes of FDM machines with 3+ actuated axes. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. Springer Science and Business Media LLC; 2020 Jan 7;106(7-8):3609–23. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04713-y
Xiao X, Joshi S. Process planning for five-axis support free additive manufacturing. Additive Manufacturing. Elsevier BV; 2020 Dec;36:101569. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101569
Zhao G, Ma G, Feng J, Xiao W. Nonplanar slicing and path generation methods for robotic additive manufacturing. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. Springer Science and Business Media LLC; 2018 Mar 1;96(9-12):3149–59. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-1772-9
Urhal P, Weightman A, Diver C, Bartolo P. Robot assisted additive manufacturing: A review. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. Elsevier BV; 2019 Oct;59:335–45. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2019.05.005
Jiang J, Newman ST, Zhong RY. A review of multiple degrees of freedom for additive manufacturing machines. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing. Informa UK Limited; 2020 Dec 31;34(2):195–211. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0951192x.2020.1858510
Ding D, Pan Z, Cuiuri D, Li H, Larkin N, van Duin S. Automatic multi-direction slicing algorithms for wire based additive manufacturing. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. Elsevier BV; 2016 Feb;37:139–50. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2015.09.002
Khurana JB, Dinda S, Simpson TW. Active-Z printing: A new approach to increasing 3D printed part strength. InSolid Free. Fabr. Symp 2017 (pp. 1627-1644).
Kubalak JR, Wicks AL, Williams CB. Using multi-axis material extrusion to improve mechanical properties through surface reinforcement. Virtual and Physical Prototyping. Informa UK Limited; 2017 Nov 22;13(1):32–8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2017.1392686
Zhao D, Guo W. Mixed-layer adaptive slicing for robotic Additive Manufacturing (AM) based on decomposing and regrouping. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing. Springer Science and Business Media LLC; 2019 Sep 10;31(4):985–1002. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10845-019-01490-z
Ioanna Mitropoulou, Mathias Bernhard, and Benjamin Dillenburger. 2020. Print Paths Key-framing: Design for non-planar layered robotic FDM printing. In Symposium on Computational Fabrication (SCF '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 6, 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3424630.3425408
Zheng H, Darweesh B, Lee H, Yang L. Caterpillar-A Gcode translator in Grasshopper.
Lim S, Buswell RA, Valentine PJ, Piker D, Austin SA, De Kestelier X. Modelling curved-layered printing paths for fabricating large-scale construction components. Additive Manufacturing. Elsevier BV; 2016 Oct;12:216–30. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2016.06.004
Fry NR, Richardson RC, Boyle JH. Robotic additive manufacturing system for dynamic build orientations. Rapid Prototyping Journal. Emerald; 2020 Jan 4;26(4):659–67. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-09-2019-0243
Lee K, Jee H. Slicing algorithms for multi-axis 3-D metal printing of overhangs. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology. Springer Science and Business Media LLC; 2015 Dec;29(12):5139–44. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-015-1113-y
McCaw JCS, Cuan-Urquizo E. Curved-Layered Additive Manufacturing of non-planar, parametric lattice structures. Materials & Design. Elsevier BV; 2018 Dec;160:949–63. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.10.024
Cendrero AM, Fortunato GM, Munoz-Guijosa JM, De Maria C, Díaz Lantada A. Benefits of Non-Planar Printing Strategies Towards Eco-Efficient 3D Printing. Sustainability. MDPI AG; 2021 Feb 3;13(4):1599. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041599
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2021 P Miciński, J Bryła, A Martowicz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.