Most effective combustion technologies for reducing Nox emissions in aero gas turbines

Authors

  • F Ommi
  • M Azimi

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1260/1750-9548.6.4.417

Abstract

The growth in air transportation volume has important global environmental impacts associated with the potential for climate change. Jet aircraft emissions are deposited directly into the upper atmosphere and some of them have a greater warming effect than gases emitted closer to the surface. One of the key issues that is addressed in virtually every aero gas turbine application is emissions, particularly Nox emissions. There are different technologies for nitrogen oxide emission control in aircraft gas turbines. In this paper, we have briefly reviewed the technologies with the greatest potential to reduce Nox emissions in aero engines.

References

Schumann, U.; The impact of nitrogen oxides emissions from aircraft upon the atmosphere at flight altitudes - Results from the AERONOX project, Atmos. Environ., 31, 1723-1733, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(96)00326-3

Crutzen, P. J.: The influence of nitrogen oxides on atmospheric ozone content, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 96, 320-325, 1970. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709640815

U. S. EPA, Control of Air Pollution from Aircraft and Aircraft Engines; Final Emission Standards and Test Procedures, EPA-420-R-12-011, 2012.

Lee, S. H.; Dilosquer M. L.; Singh, R.; Rycroft, M. J.; From Subsonic Aircraft at Cruise Altitude, Atmospheric Environment Vol. 30, No. 22, pp. 3689-3695, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(96)00113-6

Anuja Mahashabde, et al, Assessing the environmental impacts of aircraft noise and emissions, Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Volume 47, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 15-52.

Jamin, k. Adjoint sensitivity analysis of the intercontinental impacts of aviation emissions on air quality and health, Thesis at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Computation for Design and Optimization Program, 2011.

U. S. EPA, NOx - How nitrogen oxides affect the way we live and breathe, EPA-456/F-98-005, 1998.

U. S. EPA, Evaluation of air pollutant emissions from subsonic commercial jet aircraft, EPA420-R-99-013, 1999.

Wiesen, P.; Kleffmann, J.; Kurtenbach, R.; Becker, K. H. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from aero engines. Geophysical Research Letter, 1994, 21, 2027-2030. https://doi.org/10.1029/94gl01709

von der Bank, R., Berat C., Cazalens M., Harding S., European Research and Technology Strategy on Low Emissions Combustion in Aero-Engines, presentation, Aeronautics Days 2006, 19-21 June 2006, Vienna, Austria.

Fabian, P. and Kuarcher, B.: The impact of aviation upon the atmosphere, physics and chemistry of the earth, 22, 503-598, 1997.

Gettelman, A. and Baughcum, S.: Direct deposition of subsonic aircraft emissions into the stratosphere, Journal of Geographical Research, 104(D7), 8317-8327, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jd900070

Dameris, M., Grewe, V., Köhler, I., Sausen, P., Bruehl, C., Grooss, J., and Steil, B.: Impact of aircraft NOx emissions on tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, Part II, 3D model results, Atmospheric Environment, 32, 3185-3199, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(97)00505-0

L. Tsague, Joseph Tsogo, T. T. Tatietse, Prediction of the production of nitrogen oxide Nox in turbojet engines, Atmospheric Environment, 40 (2006) 5727-5733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.05.055

Ikezaki, T., Hosoi, J., Hidemi, T., The performance of the low Nox aero gas turbine combustor under high pressure, ASME, 2001-GT-0084, 2001.

Lefebvre, A. H., Lean Premixed/Prevaporized Combustion, A workshop held at Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio, NASA CP-2016, 1997.

Sattelmayer, T., Polifke, W., Winkler, D., Dobbeling, K., NOx-Abatement Potential of Lean-Premixed Gas Turbine Combustors, ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 120, p. 48-59, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2818087

Hayashi, SH., Yamada, H., Nox emissions in combustion of lean premixed mixtures injected into hot burned gas, proceeding of the Combustion Institude, Volume 28, p. 2443-2449, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(00)80658-x

Johnson, M., Littlejohn, D., Nazeer, W., Smith, K., and Cheng, R., "A Comparison of the Flowfields and Emissions of High-Swirl Injectors and Low-Swirl Injectors for Lean Premixed Gas Turbines," Proceeding of the Combustion Institute, 30, 2005, 2867-2874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2004.07.040

Plee, S. L., Mellor, A. M., Review of Flashback term reported in prevaporizing/premixing combustor, combustion and flame, 32, p.193-203, 1978. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(78)90093-7

M. Kroner, J. Fritz and T. Sattelmayer: Flashback Limits for Combustion Induced Vortex Breakdown in a Swirl Burner, Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power Vol. 125, 3, p. 693-700, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1582498

Dhanuka, S., Temme, J., and Driscoll, J. F., Vortex Shedding and Mixing Layer Effects on Periodic Flashback in a Lean Premixed Prevaporized Gas Turbine Combustor, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 32, 2009, pp. 2901-2908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.155

U. S. Supersonic Commercial Aircraft, Assessing NASA's High Speed Research Program, ISBN: 0-309-05878-3.

Lin, Y., Liu, G. Investigation on Nox of a low emission combustor design with multihole premixed prevaporized, Proceedin ASME turbo Expo, GT-2004-53203, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53203

Japanese Supersonic/Hypersonic Transport (HYPR), with a goal of NOx emissions below EI(NOx) = 5 at Mach 3 cruise

Joshi, N. D., Mongia, H. C., Leonard, G., Stegmaier, J. W., Vickers, E. C., Dry Low Emissions Combustor Development, 1998, ASME 98-GT-310. https://doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-310

Lefebvre, A. H. Gas Turbine Combustion, 2nd ed, pp. 349, 1998, Taylor and Francis.

Tacina, R., Wey, C., Liang, P., and Mansour, A., A Low NOx Lean-Direct Injection, Multipoint Integrated Module Combustor Concept for Advanced Aircraft Gas Turbines, Clean Air Conference, Porto, Portugal, NASA/TM-2002- 2111347, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30089

Tacina, R. R., Wey, C., Choi, K. J., Flame Tube NOx Emissions Using a Lean-Direct-Wall-Injection Combustor Concept, 37th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Salt Lake City, Utah, July 8-11, 2001, AIAA-2001-3271, 2001. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2001-3271

H. El-Asrag, F. Ham AND H. Pitsch, Simulation of a lean direct injection combustor for the next high speed civil transport (HSCT) vehicle combustion systems, Annual Research Briefs 2007.

Hicks, Y., Heath, C. M., Anderson, R. C., Tacina, K. M., Investigations of a combustor using 9-point swirlventuri fuel injector: recent experimental results, NASA/TM—2012-217245.

Tacina. K. M., Swirl-Venturi Lean Direct Injection Combustion Technology, Spring technical meeting of the central states section of the combustion institute, April 22-24, 2012.

Mosier, S. A., and Pierce, R. M., 1980. Advanced Combustor Systems for Stationary Gas Turbine Engines, Phase I. Review and Preliminary Evaluation, Volume I, Contract 68-02-2136, FR-11405, Final Report, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Tomohiro I. et al.; Simple Low Nox Combustor Technology for Environmentally Compatible Engine (ECO Engine), 2011, 10th International Gas Turbine Congress 0232:1-4.

Petersen, C. O., Sowa, W. A., and Samuelsen, G. S. (2002). Performance of a Model Rich Burn Quick Mix-Lean Burn Combustor at Elevated Temperature and Pressure. NASA CR-2002- 211192.

Fietelberg, A. S., Lacey, M. A., (1997). The GE Rich-Quench-Lean Gas Turbine Combustor ASME 97-GT-127.

Samuelsen, S.; RICH BURN, QUICK MIX, LEAN BURN (RQL) COMBUSTOR (2006). The Gas Turbine Handbook, U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, DOE/NETL-2006-1230.

Talpallikar, M. V., Smith, C. E., Lai, M. C., and Holdeman, J. D., CFD Analysis of Jet Mixing in Low NOx Flametube Combustors. NASA TM 104466, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2906607

Jermakian, V., McDonell, V. G., Samuelsen, S., Experimental Study of the Effects of Elevated Pressure and Temperature on Jet Mixing and Emissions in an RQL Combustor for Stable, Efficient and Low Emissions Gas Turbine Applications, University of California, Irvine, CEC-500-2012-001.

Benini, E., Pandolfo, S., Zoppellari, S., Reduction of NO emissions in a turbojet combustor by direct water/steam injection: Numerical and experimental assessment, Applied Thermal Engineering, 29, p. 3506-3510, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2009.06.004

Daggett, D., Water misting and injection of commercial aircraft engines to reduce airport Nox, NASA/CR—2004-212957, 2004.

Dagget, D., Fucke, L., Hendricks, R. C., Eames, D. J. H., water injection on commercial aircraft to reduce airport nitrogen oxides, NASA/TM-2010-213179.

Hung, W. S. Y., Accurate Method of Predicting the Effect of Humidity or Injected Water on NOx Emissions from Industrial Gas Turbines," ASME Publication 74- WA/GT-6, 1974.

Partnership for air transportation noise and emissions reduction (PART-NER), Architecture study for the aviation environmental portfolio management tool (APMT), An FAA/NASA/Transport Canada-sposored center of excellence, 2006.

Dagget, D., Hendricks, R. C., Mahashabde, R., Waitz, I. A., Water Injection—Could it Reduce Airplane Maintenance Costs and Airport Emissions?, NASA/TM—2007-213652, 2007.

Daggett, David, et al., Water Injection: Disruptive Technology to Reduce Airplane Emissions and Maintenance Costs, SAE paper 2004-01-3108, 2004. https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-3108

Mahashabde, A., Assessing selected technologies and operational strategies for improving the environmental performance of future aircraft, Thesis at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006.

Published

2012-12-31

How to Cite

Ommi, F., & Azimi, M. (2012). Most effective combustion technologies for reducing Nox emissions in aero gas turbines. The International Journal of Multiphysics, 6(4), 417-424. https://doi.org/10.1260/1750-9548.6.4.417

Issue

Section

Articles