Ameliorative Effect of Graviola on Clozapine-Induced Structural Alterations in the Prostate and Seminal Vesicles

Abstract

Psychosis is a serious mental disorder characterized by impaired reality testing, hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and cognitive dysfunction. Antipsychotic drugs remain the cornerstone in the management of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other psychotic illnesses. Clozapine is a second-generation antipsychotic and is considered the gold standard treatment for treatment-resistant schizophrenia because of its superior efficacy in improving positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms, as well as reducing hospitalization and suicide risk. However, its clinical use is limited by several adverse effects, including agranulocytosis, seizures, myocarditis, metabolic disturbances, and possible urogenital side effects related to anticholinergic and α-adrenergic receptor blockade. These effects may influence prostate and seminal vesicle function, although this area remains insufficiently studied. Graviola (Annona muricata) is a medicinal plant rich in flavonoids, acetogenins, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds, with documented antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and tissue-protective properties. Its ability to reduce oxidative stress and modulate inflammatory pathways suggests a potential protective role against drug-induced tissue injury. Therefore, studying the possible ameliorative effect of graviola on clozapine-induced histological changes may provide useful insight into protective strategies against reproductive or urogenital toxicity.