End Stage Renal Disease: Review Article

Abstract

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) represents the final stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is defined by a severe and irreversible decline in kidney function, with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 15 mL/min. CKD is a progressive condition characterized by structural or functional kidney abnormalities persisting for more than three months, commonly assessed by reduced GFR and increased albuminuria. The burden of ESRD is increasing worldwide and is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. In pediatric populations, CKD is predominantly caused by congenital and hereditary disorders, unlike adults where diabetes and hypertension are the leading causes. The progression to ESRD involves complex pathophysiological mechanisms including nephron loss, compensatory hyperfiltration, and subsequent glomerular damage, ultimately leading to metabolic disturbances such as hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, anemia, and bone disease. Early detection and appropriate management are essential to delay disease progression and improve patient outcomes.