Executive Function Impairment in ADHD and Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Abstract

Executive functions (EFs)—including working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility—are essential for goal-directed behavior and daily functioning. Both Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) have been associated with impairments in these domains, though through different cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms. ADHD is primarily linked to deficits in both “cool” (cognitive) and “hot” (emotional) executive functions, leading to significant functional impairments in academic, occupational, and social domains. In contrast, GAD is commonly associated with disruptions in attentional control and processing efficiency, often due to anxiety-related cognitive interference. Despite established theoretical frameworks, findings regarding EF impairments in GAD remain inconsistent. Moreover, the comorbidity of ADHD and GAD introduces complex interactions, potentially exacerbating or modulating executive dysfunction. Understanding these relationships is crucial for improving assessment and developing targeted interventions.