Methods of Ankle Arthrodesis: Review Article

Abstract

Ankle arthrodesis remains the gold standard surgical procedure for managing end-stage ankle arthritis, particularly in patients with severe deformity, post-traumatic degeneration, or failed conservative treatment. Multiple techniques for ankle fusion have been developed, broadly categorized into internal and external fixation methods, each with distinct biomechanical principles, indications, and clinical outcomes. Internal fixation, utilizing screws, plates, or intramedullary devices, is widely preferred due to its ability to provide rigid stability, high union rates, and improved patient comfort. In contrast, external fixation plays a critical role in complex cases involving poor soft-tissue conditions, infection, bone defects, or neuropathic joints, offering advantages such as deformity correction and minimal internal hardware. Understanding the advantages, limitations, and appropriate indications of each technique is essential for optimizing surgical outcomes and minimizing complications.