An Overview on Clozapine and Its Acute Toxicity

Abstract

Antipsychotic drugs are the cornerstone of pharmacological treatment for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Since their introduction in the mid-20th century, they have been widely used to manage positive symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. Antipsychotics are generally divided into two main categories: typical (first-generation) and atypical (second-generation). While typical antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol, chlorpromazine) are effective in controlling positive symptoms, they are frequently associated with extrapyramidal side effects such as dystonia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia. Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine) have a broader spectrum of activity, targeting both positive and negative symptoms, and are generally better tolerated, although they carry risks of metabolic side effects including weight gain, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Understanding the pharmacology, therapeutic indications, and adverse effects of antipsychotic medications is crucial for optimizing patient care, improving adherence, and reducing the long-term complications associated with both the illness and the treatment.