Serum S100B as A Promising Early Biomarker for Cognitive Impairment in End-Stage Renal Disease

Abstract

     Cognitive impairment (CI) is a recognized complication of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and its treatment. Because CI increases the risk for poor outcomes in patients with ESRD, such as disability, hospitalization, withdrawal from dialysis, and death, nephrologists must assess cognitive function in patients with ESRD. Recognition of CI in patients with ESRD is also an essential form of effective management of ESRD comorbidities. S100B protein is a known neurobiochemical marker of brain damage. S100B is a calcium-binding protein accumulated in glial cells, astrocytes, and Schwann cells. S100B is also detected in adipose cells, skin, melanoma, and glioblastoma multiform. Despite the controversies surrounding their brain specificity, S100B have been investigated in different brain diseases as peripheral markers. We concluded that early accurate diagnosis of cognitive impairment in patients with ESRD must be the major goal of the physician while facing these cases from the first second to avoid the probable dangerous sequences. We also concluded that S100B has great potential in predicting cognitive impairment in patients with ESRD. We recommend considering the assessment of S100B as a tool to achieve early prediction cognitive impairment in patients with ESRD and paying attention to this fact while outlining the recent guidelines for diagnosis and management of these patients. In addition, further studies must be done to analyze all aspects of this issue.