Operative Treatment of Spondylolisthesis

Abstract

Spondylolisthesis refers to anterior displacement of the vertebral body in reference to the bordering vertebral bodies, causing segmental instability, that mostly occurs in the middle lumbar spine and the lumbosacral junction. If surgery is indicated, open technique with lumbar pedicle strew instrumentation is the standard therapy. Recently, minimally-invasive technique can be applied in spondylolisthesis surgery using percutaneous long-arm pedicle screws with a promising short- and long-term outcome.