Survey on Transformer Winding Deformations, Causes, Monitoring and Mitigation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52783/ijm.v18.1593Keywords:
Transformer, Short-circuit Force, Winding Deformation, Radial Forces, Axial Forces, Inrush Current, Monitoring, Mitigation.Abstract
Survey on Transformer Winding Deformations, Causes, Monitoring and Mitigation
Transformers are the most widely used and expensive components of power systems. Short-circuit forces are one of the main stresses experienced by transformers during their life cycle. The persistent increase in the demand for electricity has resulted in the increment of more generating units and interconnections, making the short-circuit duty of transformers more hard. Under short-circuit conditions, the currents in the high-voltage and low-voltage windings can reach 10-30 times their rated values. The inrush current lasts longer and occurs more frequently with respect to the short-circuit current; an inrush current with a peak value of 70 percent of short-circuit current causes the same mechanical harm with respect to short-circuit events. Transformers should be designed to withstand these conditions and to prevent failures and service interruptions. To the best of our knowledge, there is a lack of a comprehensive survey on transformer winding deformations, causes of these deformations, monitoring of deformations, and mitigation techniques which is presented in this paper.