Green Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Peel Using Deep Eutectic Solvents: Optimization, Characterization, and Sustainable Recovery Approach
Keywords:
phenolic compounds, avocado, deep eutectic solvents, Persea americana.Abstract
A tropical fruit from Mexico, avocado (Persea americana Mill.), is popular worldwide. As of 2020, Spain has produced 99,000 metric tons, making it the top producer in Europe. Peel from avocado processing accounts for 11-17% of waste. The avocado peel contains flavonoids and polyphenols, an underutilized nutraceutical resource. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) extract valuable components from avocado waste in a sustainable way.
This study enhances and analyzes the efficient extraction of phenolic components from avocado peel utilizing Deep Eutectic Solvents for environmentally friendly retrieval.
This research used Deep Eutectic solvent to extract phenolic components from Hass avocado peel. Five DES formulations with 30% water to 96% ethanol were tested on avocado peels from our university hospital lab. An orbital shaker maintained optimal conditions (50 ◦C for 120 minutes). Folin-Ciocalteu, Blasa et al., and ultra-performance liquid chromatography checked phenolic content. Standards including rutin, trolox, ascorbic acid, gallic acid, FRAP, TAC, and agar well diffusion confirmed antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Researchers use Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) and ethanol to extract phenolic components from the avocado peel. The findings show that as compared to ethanol, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents are higher in DES formulations because of the improved efficiency of phenolic extraction. Due to their increased antioxidant capacity and antibacterial action, there may be health and food preservation uses for DES-enhanced extracts. The results highlight the efficiency and lack of environmental impact of DES in bioactive component extraction from avocado peel and other agro-industrial waste.This research found that eco-friendly Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents removed avocado peel phenolic components better than ethanol.