The International Journal of Multiphysics

An Analysis of the Inscriptions in Dar Al-Fonūn

Seyedeh Motahareh Mousavi, Neshat Madadi — 2025-01-10

In the porches, doorways, and transoms of the classrooms in the historical school of Dar Al-Fonūn, the holy Quran’s ĀYĀT, poems, and mottos from the Iranian elders have been written on 27 tile inscriptions. The present article investigates the application, concepts, themes, and siting quality of these tiles. The evaluations are expressive of the existence of order and meaning in these inscriptions: 1) there are only two ĀYĀT from the holy Quran above the entry porch in the northeast and southwest of the building, i.e. towards the Qibla; 2) above the porches, entry porches, northeastern porch, and southwestern porch, the application of verses and ĀYĀT is witnessed and they all emphasize on the value of the knowledge; and 3) in the doorways in the beginning and ending parts of both the eastern and western edges as well as in the transom of every classroom in the northern, western and eastern edges, expression, a hemistich or a verse from a famous Iranian person with educational themes has been inscribed on tiles. As it is known, education includes setting the ground and providing the factors for actualizing and blossoming human talents in the favored direction. Education is a term referring to the teaching of special subjects and skills to students of schools and universities such as the instruction of math, physics, chemistry, and Arabic; education also points to teaching religious and ethical matters and fostering the students in such a way that they can become great humans. Thus, as observed, education and upbringing are the focal points of the inscriptions in Dar Al-Fonūn School.

Ameliorative Potential of Relaxing Back Massage on Postpartum Women's Hormones and Infant Weight

Fayiz F. El-Shamy — 2025-01-10

Hormones transported through lactation from mother plasma to milk are crucial for both the start and continuation of breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to prove the impact of back massage on lactating women's serum levels of leptin, prolactin and growth hormone.Thirty women started breastfeeding in the first postpartum hour and continued breastfeeding for at least 2 times in a 4-h period were randomly assigned to either the study group (SG; n = 15) which had massage or the control group (CG; n = 15)which was treated by routine postnatal care as the study group . Leptin, prolactin, and growth hormone levels were measured before and after intervention at the laboratory of kafr elshiekh University Hospital.Within group analysis , there were statistical significant differences (p<0.05) in SG leptin , prolactin ,growth hormone levels , growth hormone levels in CG and baby weight in both groups pre and post intervention , leptin and prolactin levels were not statistically significant increased (p>0.5) in CG pre and post intervention. Between group analysis, there was statistical significant difference of prolactin and growth hormone pre intervention and all hormones levels post intervention ( p<0.05) with no statistical significant differences (p>0.05) of leptin levels pre intervention and baby weight pre and post intervention.Benefits of back massage have been related to increased production and growth factor levels in breast milk.

An Enterprise Process Performance Management System based on Business Process Intelligence

Arun Kumar Chaudhary — 2025-02-15

To ensure efficient and effective implementation, conventional business process management solutions primarily focus on modeling and automating business processes. As automation expands, enterprises are focusing on monitoring and optimizing process execution. This paper introduces a business process intelligence (BPI) framework that employs activity-based management (ABM) measurement models to facilitate the dynamic evaluation of process performance. The framework evaluates six critical process flows—activity, information, resource, cost, cash, and profit—to provide company managers with insights for process enhancement. The evaluation process considers seven critical aspects: time, quality, service, cost, speed, efficiency, and significance. The efficacy of the proposed method has been shown by the creation of a prototype system that facilitates dynamic modeling, process flow analysis, and performance forecasting.

Effect of Barcelona Scoliosis Physical Therapy School Versus International Scoliosis Schroth Therapy in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Eman M. Sharf Eldin — 2025-02-26

Objective: This study was aimed to compare the effect of Barcelona scoliosis physical therapy school (BSPTS) scoliosis in relation to international scoliosis Schroth therapy (ISST) exercises on scoliosis cobbs’ angle, angle of trunk rotation, and SRS-22 patient questionnaire in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Methods: 30 patients with right thoracic AIS, aging from 12 to 15 years enrolled randomly in two equal groups. Group one underwent treatment using (BSPTS) exercises and group two underwent (ISST) exercises. Both groups received treatment for one hour three times per week for six months. Measurement of cobb’s angle, angle of trunk rotation and SRS questionnaire were performed just before and after six months of treatment.

Results: This study showed marked improvement in cobbs’ angle and ATR in both groups. The BSPTS group showed more response to treatment by 30.51±10.32% improve for ATR and 25.98±8.52% for Cobb's angle. The ISST group showed less response to treatment by 16.18±6.26% improve for ATR and 18.23±3.16% for Cobb's angle.

Conclusion: Both schools are appropriate in dealing with AIS, in spite that BSPTS has upper hand on ISST in managing AIS and improvement of cobb angle and ATR as it has better percentage of improvement.

Providing a Model to Analyses of Customer’s Behavior and A Rating Model in Banking Services Using Data Mining and Neural Network

Moloukkhatoon Bozorgzadeh, Saeid Salar — 2025-02-28

The banking industry is one of the sensitive and dependent industries. Because the main part of the working capital of banks is provided through the investment of customers. Therefore, the main goal of banks is to attract new customers and retain old customers by providing optimal services and improving customer relationship management. Therefore, in this study, using data related to private banking services in Iran, we used a combination of data mining methods and artificial neural network to evaluate the performance of each in predicting customer behavior from the point of view of churn or loyalty. So, behavior of 414 customers which have accounted in private banks in Iran was evaluated based on 17 services indicators between 2014 and 2019 using SVM, ANN, SVM & ANN, SVM & FPA and ANN & FPA algorithms. The results show that the combined ANN & FPA algorithm with 94.79% accuracy has the highest performance in predicting customer’s behavior.

Acoustic Study of the Weakening Process in Azarbaijani Turkish of Ardebili, Germi and Parsabad Dialects

Seyed Mohammad Reza Heidari — 2025-02-28

Weakening is a process in which a kind of energy reduction occurs during sound production and occurs mostly in consonants and in intervowel, postvowel, syllable-final and word-final environments. The aim of this research is to investigate and analyze the acoustic weakening process in Azerbaijani Turkish of Ardebili dialect. This research was conducted based on field research and all participants are speakers of this language.

An Analytical Reading on the Relationship Between Theoretical and Practical Wisdom in IBN Sina's Thought

Seyedeh Zohreh Taghikhani, Mohsen Rahim Ovf — 2025-02-28

Determining the subject for a science plays a significant role in identifying and determining the problems of a science. The division of sciences, which was first proposed and examined by Aristotle in terms of the history of philosophy, is considered to follow the determination of a specific subject for each science. In Islamic philosophy after Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina has presented a detailed discussion in this area.

Following the division of reason into theoretical and practical, Ibn Sina has also divided wisdom into two categories: theoretical and practical. By defining wisdom as the non-seasonal, inorganic science, he has divided it into two categories: theoretical and practical, and consequently, each of them has been divided into three categories: physics, mathematics, and theology in theory, and politics, management in the home, and ethics in practice. Finally, from Ibn Sina's point of view, although theoretical and practical are common in the divisions of reason and wisdom in the end, which is the perfection of the soul, they are distinguished from each other due to the difference in their belongings, principles, results, and consequences.

The following essay attempts to discuss the theoretical and practical division of reason and wisdom in Avicenna's thought, after examining why and how the sciences were divided in a specific way.

Effect of High Power Laser on Post Operative Pain and Quality of Life after Cesarean Section

Mohamed H. Aboelmakarem — 2025-03-03

Background: Cesarean section (CS) is considered one of the most prevalent surgical procedures. This work was done to evaluate the impact of high-power laser on postoperative pain as well as quality of life after CS.

Methods: This current study was carried out on 40 patient’s females aged from 20 to 35 years old, body mass index < 32 kg/m², primiparous, full-term pregnancy schooled for elective CS. Patients were distributed into two equivalent group: Group A: was given high power laser (HPLT) after 24 hours post CS in addition to ketoprofen injection and group B: was given ketoprofen injection.

Results: The result of the study showed significant improvement in visual analogue scale (VAS) after 4h, 8h, 12h, 16h, 24h, Mobility, self-care, usual activity, pain \ discomfort and anxiety\ depression (quality of life) ( QOL) in both group post treatment .Comparison between both group revealed that there was statistical significant difference between both group favor to group (A).

Conclusions: The HPLT holds promise as an effective modality for managing postoperative pain and enhancing overall quality of life among women undergoing CS.

Thermoacoustic Heat Transfer in a Cylinder under Non-Uniform Thermal Flow

Fatemeh Sobhnamayan, Faramarz Sarhaddi, Amin Behzadmehr — 2025-03-03

In this paper, the effect of non-uniform main thermal flow on thermoacoustic heat transfer in a cylinder is investigated. In order to model thermoacoustic phenomenon, the hydrodynamic and thermal parameters of the flow are considered as the decomposition of a main flow and oscillating flow. The general and particular governing equations, including continuity, momentum, energy, and the ideal gas law, are developed assuming transient two-dimensional viscous flow in cylindrical coordinate. Various functions (linear, exponential, logarithmic, sine, and Bessel) are considered for the main flow temperature. From the simplification of the governing equations, a series of ordinary differential equations have been obtained, which have been solved semi-analytically. The semi-analytical results of the present study are in good agreement with the analytical results of previous studies. The results of the present study show that the logarithmic temperature function for the main flow provides the highest gain of work flux density. However, the linear temperature function also provides a relatively good gain and can be created more easily than the logarithmic function.

Prediction of the Impact and Performance of FinTech Companies' Advertisements on Customer Acquisition and Loyalty Using Deep Learning Techniques

2025-03-04

With the rapid growth of the financial technology (FinTech) industry, digital advertising has become one of the key tools for customer acquisition and loyalty. This study examines the impact of FinTech companies' digital advertisements on customer acquisition and loyalty using deep learning techniques. To achieve this, data related to customer interactions with advertisements were collected from FinTech companies' databases and online questionnaires. Subsequently, a deep learning model was trained using Deep Neural Networks (DNN) to predict customer loyalty.

The results indicated that the proposed model successfully predicted customer loyalty with high accuracy. Model evaluation metrics, including Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Coefficient of Determination (R²), confirmed that the model effectively identified customer behavioral patterns and could generalize them to new data. Additionally, the analysis confirmed that Conversion Rate and Purchase Amount are the most influential factors in customer loyalty.

Furthermore, an examination of targeted advertising effects demonstrated that personalized advertising and optimized ad content based on customer behavioral data significantly enhance engagement and loyalty. A comparison of this study’s findings with domestic and international research confirmed that deep learning models play a crucial role in improving advertising strategies and increasing the return on investment (ROI) for FinTech companies. Based on these findings, it is recommended that FinTech companies leverage deep learning models to optimize digital advertising, increase conversion rates, and accurately target high-value customers. This approach can lead to enhanced advertising effectiveness, reduced marketing costs, and strengthened customer loyalty in the FinTech industry.

Banking and the Role of Collateral and Collateral Management in Banking Facilities

Abolfazl Yavari, Hossein Jabbari, Hossein Panahian — 2025-03-04

As one of the most important economic pillars, the banking system uses instruments such as collateral and collateral to reduce the risk of loan default. These collaterals include real estate, cash deposits, bank guarantees, and other highly liquid assets. Proper management of these collaterals plays a fundamental role in reducing credit risk, increasing public confidence, and economic stability. However, there are several challenges such as complex legal processes, legal changes, and administrative difficulties in seizing and liquidating collateral. This study investigated the factors affecting the enforceability of collateral in legal and institutional systems and used analytical models such as meta-synthesis, interpretive structural modeling, and MICMAC to analyze the relationships between variables. In the qualitative part, the factors were extracted through meta-synthesis and evaluated with the triangular fuzzy Delphi screening technique. The statistical population included university professors, managers, and senior credit experts of the Agricultural Bank, who were selected purposefully. In the quantitative part, the relationships between the factors were analyzed with a combined method of interpretive structural modeling and MICMAC analysis in a fuzzy environment. The results showed that 15 criteria were classified into three main criteria and four levels. Among these factors, the results show that the factors of collateral validity period and the history of the collateral provider are among the most influential indicators that have direct and important effects on other collateral management criteria. In addition, market value, measurability, and legal and ownership indicators are influential at subsequent levels and directly affect security criteria and storage conditions. Finally, this study provides suggestions for improving collateral management policies in the banking system.

Evaluation of Social and Environmental Driving Factors in the Water-Food Nexus with Theoretical Development, Experimentation, And Numerical Analysis to Emphasize Water Reuse in Food Production

Mahsa Arab, Mehdi khakzand, Fatemeh Mehdizadeh Saradj — 2025-03-05

Water resources and water pollution are both phenomena around the world and two of the biggest challenges that humanity is facing today, and non-conventional water sources aim to reduce the gap between them. The narrative of reusing water for production purposes. Food is sometimes thought of as one of reason versus emotion, which may not reflect the complexity of the issue at hand, including legitimate fear of risks, widespread regulations, and the internal reactions of farmers and the public. . Lack of water and deterioration of the quality of water resources require the adoption of modern water resources management policies. This management must be flexible to continuously cope with changes in the availability and demand for water resources. Such a comprehensive approach requires management of water supply and demand. Recycled water is becoming increasingly relevant. For the review of this article, a total of 17 analysis tools from quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods were used in the reviewed articles. Qualitative analysis method was used in 86 articles, while 67 articles used quantitative tools and 19 articles used mixed tools. Regarding internal classification analysis, the most popular qualitative tools were questionnaires and literature review (76.7%), while soil analysis and water monitoring were the most popular tools from a quantitative perspective (82.1%). The use of hybrid tools was less important and was the most popular cost-benefit analysis tool.

Criminological Analysis of Crimes Against the Environment (Ecocide) With a Legal Approach

Arezo Davoodipad — 2025-03-06

This article examines the concept of ecocide as a serious crime in the context of global environmental protection. Amidst intensifying environmental concerns, the discourse on establishing ecocide as an international criminal offence is gaining momentum. Abstract Implications The potential challenges and benefits of adopting this transformative perspective Ecocide refers to widespread and irreversible environmental damage caused primarily by human activities. This article examines the rationale behind the designation of ecocide as a serious crime and emphasizes the need to hold individuals, companies and even nations accountable for actions that lead to widespread environmental destruction. By legally classifying ecocides as a crime, the international community can provide a more compelling deterrent to actions that undermine the global ecological balance. However, the global implementation of ecocide as a crime faces significant obstacles. This article addresses the challenges of defining the scope of ecocide, distinguishing it from existing environmental crimes, and establishing generally applicable prosecution criteria. It also examines the complexities of enforcement given the diversity of geopolitical contexts and varying degrees of environmental impact around the world. The potential benefits of recognizing ecocide as a crime are profound. It could trigger a paradigm shift in public and corporate consciousness, fostering a sense of responsibility and encouraging sustainable practices. The prospect of legal consequences may motivate innovative approaches to preventing environmental damage and facilitating restoration efforts. It could also strengthen the global commitment to environmental protection by placing it alongside other serious international crimes.

Theorists of Different Schools of Thought on The Impact of The Environment on Social Factors

Younes Falahinezhad, Shahla Kazemipour, Ali Baghaei Sarabi — 2025-03-06

Environmental issues are one of the most important issues raised at the global and national levels in many countries around the world. Therefore, increasing public environmental awareness can reduce environmental issues and problems and lead to responsible behavior towards the environment. The present study aims to investigate the social factors affecting awareness of environmental hazards and environmental citizenship duties. From a qualitative perspective, it is based on content analysis, from a quantitative perspective, it is a descriptive survey. In today's world, environmental crises have become one of the most serious challenges facing humanity. Climate change, global warming, air and water pollution, forest destruction, biodiversity loss, and the waste crisis are just some of the issues that threaten the lives of humans and other living beings. These challenges have not only crossed geographical boundaries, but have also affected the social, economic and cultural dimensions of societies. In the meantime, the role of citizens as the main actors in interacting with the environment has received more attention than ever before. Awareness of environmental risks and commitment to environmentally friendly behaviors are two essential components that can lead to changes in people’s attitudes and behaviors towards the environment and ultimately help reduce the negative consequences of human activities.

Identifying and Presenting a Model of Evaluation Components of Cognitive Learning Levels in the Electronic Educational System of Islamic Azad University

Shahla Rezaei — 2025-03-06

Objective: Identifying and presenting a model of evaluation components of cognitive learning levels in the electronic educational system of Islamic Azad University. Given that the research seeks to achieve a practical goal, it is considered an applied research. The research was planned based on a mixed research approach, and accordingly, the exploratory research design strategy was used. In the qualitative part of the research, the phenomenological and synthesis research method was used, and in the quantitative part, the survey method was used. The research population includes all faculty members and instructors of the Western Azad University (Kermanshah, Sanandaj, Ilam, and Hamadan) and the Azadshahr universities of Tehran. The research sample in the qualitative part was selected using the purposeful snowball method and the desired cases, and in the quantitative part, the stratified random sampling method was used. Qualitative data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews and a review of research documents and quantitative data using a researcher-made questionnaire.

Life Cycle Assessment of the Geopolymer Concrete Containing Fly Ash, Metakaolin and Zeolite

Abbasali Saffar — 2025-03-06

The construction industry is a major contributor to global carbon emissions, primarily due to the widespread use of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in concrete production. To address this environmental challenge, this study evaluates the sustainability of geopolymer concrete (an alternative binding material synthesized from industrial by-products (fly ash and metakaolin) and natural materials (zeolite)) using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The environmental impacts of geopolymer concrete were compared to those of conventional OPC-based concrete across key impact categories, including global warming potential, resource depletion, and toxicity.
The LCA was conducted following the ISO 14040 and 14044 standards, with a cradle-to-gate system boundary and a functional unit of 1 cubic meter of concrete. The results demonstrate that geopolymer concrete, particularly the MK20 formulation, significantly outperforms conventional concrete in terms of environmental sustainability. For instance, the global warming potential of geopolymer concrete was up to 99% lower than that of conventional concrete, primarily due to the avoidance of energy-intensive OPC production. Additionally, geopolymer concrete showed substantial reductions in human toxicity, aquatic and terrestrial ecotoxicity, and abiotic resource depletion. Normalization of the results using the CML-baseline method further confirmed the superior environmental performance of geopolymer concrete across all impact categories. However, the study also identified the need to address the environmental impacts of alkali activators, which contribute to the overall footprint of geopolymer production.
The findings highlight the potential of geopolymer concrete as a sustainable alternative to conventional concrete, offering significant environmental benefits while maintaining comparable mechanical properties. This research supports the transition toward greener construction practices and contributes to global efforts to mitigate climate change. Future studies should focus on optimizing mix designs, exploring alternative activators, and assessing the long-term durability of geopolymer concrete to further enhance its sustainability and promote its widespread adoption in the construction industry.

Investigation the Effect of Low Velocity Impact on Mechanical Behavior of Composite Plates

MH Beni, J Eskandari Jam, A Alizadeh — 2025-03-10

Composites are extensively used in aerospace, automotive, construction, and sports equipment, revolutionizing product design and engineering by offering tailored solutions for specific performance requirements. Damage in composites, especially due to low-velocity impacts from runway debris or tool drops, poses significant challenges, particularly in the aerospace sector where such impacts can be catastrophic. This study investigates the low-velocity impact (LVI) of Carbon/Kevlar hybrid composites, focusing on the influence of Kevlar in Carbon fiber laminates under different impact energies. Unlike previous research, this work examines the effects of an asymmetric stacking sequence of Carbon-Kevlar layers. Results show that with increased impact energy, variations in peak force, contact duration, and damage area are noted by altering the presence of Kevlar on top and bottom layers with carbon fibers. Kevlar-topped laminates exhibited a peak force reduction of 8.2% at 8J impact energy compared to carbon-topped laminates. Additionally, the contact duration for Kevlar-topped laminates was 21.4% shorter at 16J impact energy. Damage area studies revealed that Kevlar-topped laminates had 19% smaller damage areas on the top face and 28% smaller on the bottom face at 8J impact energy. These findings have significant implications for designing composite materials in high-performance applications, particularly in aerospace.

Analysis and Evaluation of Urban Regeneration Indicators in QESHM

Esmail Ghanbari, Korosh Afzali, Afsoon Mahdavi — 2025-03-10

Cities are currently facing many challenges. Urban regeneration seeks to improve the physical, social, economic and ecological aspects of areas through various measures including redevelopment and reconstruction. Therefore, the present study investigated and evaluated the indicators of urban regeneration in Qeshm. For this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire was created based on the research literature and consultation with experienced people in the civil fields, and then the questionnaire was distributed among 12 experts in this field. The collected data were evaluated and analyzed using the factor analysis method to identify the main effective factors and loads and the role of each of them in the development of urban regeneration indicators. Based on the obtained results, the infrastructure component was identified as the first and most important and effective factor of Qeshm urban regeneration with an average of 3.68. Based on this, the component of improving the security of residents was identified as the second factor with an average of 3.65. Also, among the main factors of urban regeneration, the economic dimension has the highest load with an average of 0.14, followed by social, environmental and physical dimensions with an average factor load of 0.13, 0.12 and 0.11.

The Treaty and Its Importance and Place in Electronic Commerce Law

Amir Nasser Khazaei — 2025-03-10

This article attempts to examine its importance and position in electronic commerce law through a descriptive-analytical method and qualitative data analysis. The analysis of the findings and data in this article showed that the specific belief of the drafters of the treaty was that the adoption of uniform rules to remove obstacles to the use of electronic communications used in contracts would increase the legal stability and commercial predictability of international contracts and assist the government in achieving modern trade solutions. The limits and scope of the treaty, the place of business in the treaty, national declarations regarding the scope of application, the relationship of the treaty with other international treaties, freedom of will, proposed amendments and interpretation of the treaty, and interpretative guidelines for the treaty are among other topics that are addressed in this article in relation to the subject.

Application of Gerard Genette's "Narrative Discourse" Approach in Ghassan Kanafani's Novel "Men in the Sun" and Mohammad Reza Bayrami's "She Did Not Plant"

Saeed Tajik, Shamsi Vaghefzadeh, Masoumeh Khodadadi Mahabad — 2025-03-10

Narrative is one of the most important literary techniques and a fundamental element in literary theory, whose analysis based on new theories helps us understand literary texts. Many theorists have examined the structure of narrative. Frenchman Gerard Genette is one of the most prominent structuralist theorists, whose theory is considered one of the most complete and effective theories of narratology. The authors aim to use a descriptive analytical approach based on cognitive narrative criticism to analyze the components of time, mood, and tone of Genette's theory in the short story "Application of Gerard Genette's "Discourse of Narrative" in the novel "Men in the Sun" by Ghassan Kanafani and "Lam Yazra" by Mohammad Reza Bayrami, and to assess the storytelling ability of this author and the degree of systematicity of his fictional work. This study shows that Genette's theory is a comprehensive and practical model for studying narrative, and on the other hand, it reveals Kanafani's talent in using narrative elements and techniques appropriate to the theme of this story and presenting a coherent, attractive, and exciting work. The use of temporal techniques, first-person narrator, the use of style, dialogue, beautiful descriptions, etc., proves this claim. Keywords: Genette's narratology, Kanafani, Hand in the Grave.

The Relationship between Characters and Family Dynamics in Contemporary Fiction and Socio-Educational Challenges

Zeinab Khatiri — 2025-03-10

Characters and family dynamics in contemporary fiction can serve as a mirror reflecting societal realities and upbringing experiences. This paper aims to analyze how these characters and relationships are depicted, and to examine their connection to social and educational challenges. The research seeks to demonstrate how narratives can illustrate the balance between tradition and modernity within families. This balance is portrayed through characterization and family interactions, indirectly pointing to social and educational issues. Employing an interdisciplinary approach, this study utilizes a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the correlation between characterization, family dynamics in contemporary fiction, and social and educational challenges. This interdisciplinary approach integrates literary, psychological, sociological, and social pathology perspectives, establishing a link between literature, social psychology, and social pathology. The primary research question investigates the connection between characters and family dynamics in contemporary fiction and societal and educational challenges, examined through sociological and psychological lenses. The findings reveal how contemporary authors utilize family dynamics to depict social issues such as divorce, familial inequality, psychological problems, and their social implications on characters, thereby offering social and educational critiques through contemporary narratives.

Effect of The Polypropylene Fiber Size and Alkaline Solution to Binder Ratio in GGBS-FA based Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete; Mechanical Properties and Fire Resistance

Rouhallah Jafari, Reza Mastouri, Shahin Dabirian — 2025-03-15

The increasing demand for sustainable construction materials has driven the exploration of alternative binders to reduce the environmental impact of conventional Portland cement. Geopolymer concrete (GPC), synthesized through the alkali activation of aluminosilicate materials such as fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), has emerged as a promising candidate due to its superior mechanical properties, lower carbon footprint, and resistance to aggressive environments. However, the brittle nature and susceptibility to explosive spalling under elevated temperatures remain critical challenges for GPC. This study investigates the influence of polypropylene (PP) fiber size (6, 12, and 18 mm) and Alkaline solution-to-binder (S/B) ratio (0.40, 0.425, and 0.45) on the mechanical and thermal properties of two-component geopolymer concrete (FA + GGBS). The results indicate that 12 mm PP fibers significantly enhance compressive strength, elastic modulus, and tensile strength, while 18 mm fibers provide superior crack-bridging effects but may lead to fiber clustering and reduced thermal stability. The optimal S/B ratio of 0.425 balances workability, fiber dispersion, and matrix bonding, resulting in improved mechanical performance and thermal resistance. At elevated temperatures, PP fibers melt, creating microchannels that reduce internal pressure and mitigate spalling risks, with 6 mm fibers offering the best fire resistance due to smaller, more uniform voids. This study provides critical insights into optimizing fiber-reinforced GPC formulations for high-performance, fire-resistant structural applications, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional cement-based composites.

Evaluation of the Most Important Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) Related to Parental Satisfaction in School Selection

Fatemeh Abolhasani Targhi, Seyyed Hassan Hataminasab — 2025-03-15

The aim of this study is to evaluate the most important key performance indicators (KPIs) related to parental satisfaction with elementary schools in the cities of Yazd, Shiraz, and Isfahan. The statistical population of this research consists of parents of elementary school students in these three cities, with a sample size of 1,152 individuals selected based on Morgan's table. Data collection was conducted using a researcher-designed questionnaire consisting of 33 questions, utilizing a 7-point Likert scale. The data collection method was survey-based, and simple random sampling was employed. For data analysis, the grey TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making technique was used. The results indicated that parents in each of the three cities have differing opinions regarding the key satisfaction indicators. The findings show that educational quality is identified as the most important factor in school selection across all cities, while factors such as diversity and inclusiveness, as well as school culture and values, ranked lower.

Prevalance and Association of Malaria with the Blood Groupon Febrile Patients

2025-03-17

Introduction: Malaria continues to be a significant global health concern, especially in tropical regions where it remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The identification of risk factors for malaria remains critical to understanding its epidemiology and improving control strategies. This study examines the prevalence of malaria among febrile patients and its potential association with blood group types. Investigating this relationship could provide important insights into how blood group may influence the susceptibility to malaria and help improve targeted malaria control interventions.

Objective: The primary objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of malaria among febrile patients and to analyze the potential association between blood group type and malaria infection.

Methodology: A total of 285 febrile patients were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were collected for malaria parasite detection using thick and thin blood smears, while blood group typing was performed using standard agglutination tests. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariate regression were applied for data analysis.

Results: The study found an overall malaria prevalence of 42% among febrile patients. The prevalence was highest among those with blood group O (45%), followed by blood group A (30%), blood group B (20%), and blood group AB (5%). A statistically significant association between blood group O and increased malaria prevalence was observed (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: The study highlights a significant association between blood group O and a higher malaria prevalence, suggesting that blood group may be a risk factor for malaria infection. Further research into the immune mechanisms underlying this association is necessary for better understanding and targeting malaria prevention efforts.

Understanding the Identity of Internal Auditors Using Grounded Data Theory and Iceberg Theory of Organizational Culture

Farzaneh Akhtarian — 2025-03-19

Internal auditing, as a key activity in organizations, plays an important role in ensuring transparency and accountability. Given the rapid changes in the business environment, the need for internal auditors with high competencies is felt more than ever. This article examines the identity of internal auditors using role theory and the iceberg model. Role theory examines social and professional expectations of internal auditors, and the iceberg model shows that many characteristics related to this profession lie below the visible surface. Professional competencies include analytical skills, effective communication, and in-depth knowledge of laws and regulations that can affect audit quality. The identity of internal auditors is considered one of the key factors in improving the transparency and efficiency of organizations. Internal auditors are not only responsible for assessing and monitoring financial and operational processes, but also play an important role in risk management and ensuring compliance with laws and regulations. However, their true identity goes beyond formal and specific duties and includes both overt and covert aspects that are essential to understand for the effective exploitation of internal auditors’ capabilities. Ultimately, understanding the identity of internal auditors and the factors affecting it can lead to improved performance and increased value added for organizations.

Strategic Analysis of Urban Development Plans in the Metropolis of Mashhad in Order to Improve Urban Development Management by the SWOT Method

Naser Poursaeid — 2025-03-19

Urban development plans are plans that define the directions and priorities of urban development and various dimensions of physical - spatial, functional, economic, social and ... They help implement the city's construction projects better, as well as better time and cost management. These projects have undergone major changes in Iran over the past half century. The current study sample is the city of Mashhad, which, due to its large size and population, requires the use of the most comprehensive and complete principles of urban planning to guide and control urban development, and over the past few decades has witnessed the drafting of three comprehensive plans of khazeni, mehrazan and farnahad in three different time periods from before the Islamic Revolution to after. This research has analyzed the strategic analysis of three comprehensive projects of khazeni, mehrazan and farnahad in relation to civil management and urban development of the city of Mashhad using the descriptive - analytical research method and relying on the SWOT analytical method. The most important results of the strategic analysis of the urban development plans of the city of Mashhad include: controlling the horizontal development of the city fabric and directing the city towards intrinsic development, social, economic and religious tourism development of urban centers, development of open and green urban spaces in connection with and connecting with different parts of the city of Mashhad, strengthening and per capita development of service spaces in different parts of the city, improving the structure of urban management and realizing integrated and coordinated management within and around Mashhad, development of public transport network especially around the city and preserving the old fabric of the city and its demographic structure in order to preserve historical and identity functioning it's the big city of Mashhad.

Analyzing the Dimensions and Components of Banking and the Role of Collateral and Collateral Management in Banking Facilities

Abolfazl Yavari, Hossein Jabbari, Hossein Panahian — 2025-04-07

This study investigated the factors affecting the enforceability of collateral in legal and institutional systems and used analytical models such as meta-synthesis, interpretive structural modeling, and MICMAC to analyze the relationships between variables. In the qualitative part, the factors were extracted through meta-synthesis and evaluated with the triangular fuzzy Delphi screening technique. The statistical population included university professors, managers, and senior credit experts of the Agricultural Bank, who were selected purposefully. In the quantitative part, the relationships between the factors were analyzed with a combined method of interpretive structural modeling and MICMAC analysis in a fuzzy environment. The results showed that 15 criteria were classified into three main criteria and four levels. Among these factors, the results show that the factors of collateral validity period and the history of the collateral provider are among the most influential indicators that have direct and important effects on other collateral management criteria.

A Look at the Dimensions and Characteristics of the Professional Development Model of Teachers in Khuzestan Province

Khadijeh Mombeny — 2025-04-07

The main objective of this study was to analyze the dimensions and components of the teacher professional development management model. The present study was classified as an applied study in terms of its purpose and in terms of the nature of the data and the style of analysis, and was conducted using the meta-synthesis method. The data collection method in this study is based on documentary information. The research data were collected and analyzed using the meta-synthesis method. In order to collect data related to the research, all studies conducted in the field of teacher professional development and then extract and identify the components affecting it in these studies, the seven-step method of Sandolskie and Barroso (2007) was used. The research findings showed that for teacher professional development, at least 8 basic dimensions should be considered. These dimensions are: teaching, training, facilities, evaluation, content, technology, expertise, and in-service period. In addition, the components and needs related to each of these factors have been examined and extracted in the form of educational needs and non-educational needs. Based on the results, it can be said that teacher development has different dimensions, so education system planners can pay attention to these dimensions and take action to increase and better manage teacher development.

Examining and Comparing the Signal of Ceramic and Silicon Insulators in Medium Pressure Voltage

Nader Tavakol, Mazdak Teimoortashloo, Fatemeh Esmaeelzadeh — 2025-04-07

The review article discusses the use of ceramic and silicone rubber (SiR) insulators in high voltage (HV) applications over the past thirty years. It highlights the need for detailed characterization and aging analysis to enhance the long-term performance of SiR insulators under various environmental, mechanical, and electrical stresses. The article focuses on silicon applications, the chemistry and polymerization of SiR, and the enhancement of their properties through fillers and ceramic materials. It also covers engineering requirements for polymer insulants and provides an overview of HV electrical insulators and their aging processes. The influence of micro/nano-sized fillers on the physical, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of SiR insulators is analyzed, including aspects like tensile strength, thermal degradation, and dielectric strength. The article concludes that further research is necessary to optimize SiR blends with fillers for specific applications.

Sociological Analysis of the Effect of Women's Employment on Family Authority )A Quantitative and Qualitative Study on the Families of the First District of Tehran(

Nasrin Javadi — 2025-04-07

The purpose of this article is the sociological investigation of women's employment on the authority of the family in the first district of Tehran. Jazer's research is practical. The target statistical population in this research is married women who have at least one child and are working, who were studied in the 1st district of Tehran. In order to determine the sample size in the qualitative part, the theoretical saturation method was used and 26 working mothers were selected as a sample. Morgan's table and random method of 385 people were determined as the sample size. In the qualitative part, the data collection tool is in-depth interview. In the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. Thematic analysis is to analyze the findings of the interview, and structural equation method was used to analyze the data in the quantitative part. The findings showed that 103 components were identified in the form of 3 main components and 7 secondary components, and according to the findings, the characteristics of A structure related to family authority with coefficient (0.405) and t value (4.051), life opportunities to social class with coefficient (0.233) and t value (3.789), egalitarianism to social class with coefficient (0.085) and t value (2.298) , family authority has an effect on social class with coefficient (0.234) and t value (4.877), and social class has an effect on outcomes with coefficient (0.449) and t value (4.305), and the model has a good fit. According to the findings, it can be concluded that 3 main themes, i.e. structural features of the family, consequences and social class, are among the effects of women's employment on family authority.

The Role of Green Supply Chain Management in Sustainable Business Performance with Emphasis on the Role of Managerial Innovation and Green Technology

Seyed Sajjad Mohtasham — 2025-04-15

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of green supply chain management in sustainable business performance, emphasizing the role of managerial innovation and green technology. In this study, a survey questionnaire was used to collect information related to the analysis of hypotheses, which is also considered as a field method in this study. The statistical population included managers of industrial companies present in the industrial estates of Guilan province, and accordingly, the sample size was 384 people, and the same number of questionnaires were distributed and collected. The information collected by the questionnaires was analyzed using SPSS24 and AMOS24 software using structural equation modeling. The results showed that green supply chain management has a positive and significant effect on green technology innovation, green management innovation, and sustainable business performance. Also, green technology innovation and green management innovation have a positive and significant effect on sustainable business performance. Green supply chain management, as a key factor, plays a significant role in promoting green technological and management innovations. These innovations not only help improve environmental performance, but also have a positive impact on sustainable business performance. In other words, businesses that seek to achieve sustainability in their business can pave the way for the development of green innovations in technology and management by focusing on green supply chain management.

The Effects of the Tendency Dimension on Insight and Action from the Perspective of the Holy Quran

Mahboubeh Moezy Rad — 2025-04-16

The most important ambiguity and hiddenness of man is about himself, and the most useful sciences are also dedicated to this science. Man has always sought happiness and desired his own perfection. Therefore, if man knows himself, the first step on this path has been taken. For those in charge of human education and training, there is always the question of how to manage the change in human behavior in order to achieve perfection. The philosophy of prophecy can also be explained in this regard. The Holy Quran says: “...and He will remove from them their constraint and the shackles that were upon them.” In the noble verse, “constraint” and “shackles” are interpreted as a burden on the shoulders of man. What is this heavy burden that the prophets came to lift from the shoulders of mankind? What are these shackles and chains that have made it impossible for man to progress on the path of perfection? The verse refers to the fact that beliefs and prejudices have intertwined, managed the vision and inclinations of humans and shaped their behavior and actions that are not monotheistic and are in accordance with the animal realm. God Almighty has made the existential composition of man a mixture of knowledge, power and love. The main philosophy of the revelation of the Quran and the sending of the prophets and the existence of the Imams of Guidance (peace be upon them), which was to guide humans, is not possible except by understanding the relationship between the areas of human existence. This is the issue that will be examined in this research.

Studying the Effect of Insight on the Relationship between Tendency and Action from the Perspective of the Holy Quran

Mahboubeh Moezy Rad — 2025-04-16

The spiritual dimension of man has three aspects: insight, tendency, and action, and recognizing the relationships between these dimensions plays a significant role in the knowledge of the soul. These dimensions certainly affect each other, and this influence can be very important in the formation of the nature and personality of man. However, this issue has remained hidden from the eyes of many researchers or they have ultimately reached a dead end with one-sidedness; that is, instead of a comprehensive view and considering all three existential dimensions of the soul, they have paid attention to one of his existential dimensions and have ultimately deviated from the main goal; for example, some philosophers have paid too much attention to the dimension of human insight and have almost ignored the other dimensions, or behaviorists have paid attention only to the dimension of human action, and some theologians have also neglected the tendency dimension. Islam, which is a comprehensive and complete religion, has considered all these dimensions together and has even paid attention to the influence of these dimensions on each other. In fact, this comprehensive approach will be the solution to the problem of humanity being in this deadlock. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer this question: What effects does the dimension of insight have on the dimensions of tendency and action from the perspective of the Holy Quran?

Theoretical Analysis of Structural, Electronic, and Optical Properties of CdXAs2 (X = Ge and Sn) Compounds

Khaled Lazar — 2025-04-24

A first-principles investigation has been conducted to explore the structural, electronic, optical properties of chalcopyrite CdXAs₂ (X = Ge, Sn) using density functional theory (DFT). The calculations were performed within the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method, employing both WC-GGA and mBJ-GGA approximations for the exchange-correlation potential. The study thoroughly examines the impact of cation substitution (Ge or Sn) on various fundamental properties, including lattice parameters, electronic band structure and optical characteristics. The influence of structural modifications on the energy band gap has been analyzed in detail, along with the evaluation of key optical parameters such as the dielectric function, refractive index, and absorption coefficient, which are crucial for determining the potential of these compounds in optoelectronic applications. The results demonstrate strong agreement with previously reported theoretical and experimental data. This study underscores the significance of CdXAs₂ materials in advanced nanotechnology and electronics, paving the way for further investigations into structural modifications and elemental substitutions to enhance their functional properties.

Analysis of dimensions and components a Model for Handling Losses in Cooperatives of Ilam Province

Nasrin Moradi — 2025-04-26

The present study aims to provide an appropriate model for handling losses in production cooperatives of Ilam province by consulting with experts in the field of cooperation and agriculture. To this aim, 24 experts in the field of agriculture and cooperation were selected based on purposive sampling. The data were collected and analyzed through semi-structured interviews. Then, an appropriate model was presented for handling losses in production cooperatives using grounded theory. Based on the results, this model includes the existence of deficiencies in economic, political, educational, international, infrastructural, socio-cultural, and skill dimensions; losses of companies, along with weak government support, intervening in cooperatives affairs, and strengthening the education-oriented culture of cooperative and collective activities; long inefficient organizational structure of the companies, lack of competitiveness with brokers in a volatile market, and traditional non-scientific management of companies; strengthening government-based organizational communications based on effective market-oriented training; and accelerating the process of rural and agricultural development under promoting the brand value of the companies and their revenue generation and competitiveness. Developing and implementing a model for handling losses in production cooperatives depends on the superior management of their components. The results indicated that the model for handling losses in production cooperatives can be classified in 100 mental concepts, 65 sub-categories, and 6 main categories.

Effect of High Power Laser on Physiological Findings of Median Nerve in Pregnant Women with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Mahmoud Fadl — 2025-05-05

Background: Pregnant women frequently suffer from carpal tunnel syndrome, a common neuropathy. Investigating the effects of high-power lasers on pain and the electrical properties of the median nerve in pregnant women with carpal tunnel syndrome was the aim of this investigation.
Methods: Using clinical provocative tests (the Tinel and Phalen tests), thirty pregnant women with mild to moderate Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) who were between the ages of 20 and 35 were the subjects of this prospective, randomised controlled experiment. The exclusion criteria included cardiovascular disorders, hypertension, diabetes, gestational diabetes, thoracic outlet syndrome, cervical disc prolapse, cervical spondylosis, and other conditions. Patients with carpal tunnel syndrome who had surgery were categorized into two groups; group A consisted of those who had been diagnosed with CTS prior to pregnancy and received both high power laser treatment and standard physical therapy in the form of tendon gliding exercises, whereas group B only received standard physical therapy. Both groups were instructed to wear a cock-up splint during the nighttime.

Results: The study's findings indicated a substantial enhancement in finger pinch strength and nerve conduction speed in both groups following the treatment. A comparison between the two groups revealed a statistically significant difference in favour of group (A).

Conclusions: The high-power laser therapy appears effective noninvasive treatment option for pregnant women with CTS, providing pain relief and improving nerve conduction parameters.

Simulation of Separation Processes in Vis-Breaking Unit of Oil Refinery Using Hysys

Hadi Asghari — 2025-05-07

Oil refineries different units of the refinery, one of the viscosity reduction unit which reduces the viscosity of the feed unit in a vacuum distillation tower Thmandە with additional bearing material is wax. This material is heated to about 460-480 ° C. Products with lower viscosity fuel oil system, some gas is heavy and sulfur gasoline. For new designs Haysys can quickly create models for the evaluation of multiple options. After selecting the best projects can be very realistic models created on the basis that additional equipment and procedural details are also to be taken into account. Haysys can improve quickly with complex operations and to ensure correct operation. After Mass Flow simulation of exhaust gas from the top of the tower from 6153 to 6151 kilograms of product per hour is modified, and the naphtha output from the condenser from 9239 to 9250 kg per hour is increased, on the other hand to reduce the temperature of the fuel feed to the tower output from 53400 to 53090 kg per hour of the tower is reduced and the amount of tar output from 16010 to 16030 kg per hour tower is increased, reducing the temperature to increase the production of naphtha as well. In this section came to the conclusion that reducing the temperature at the top of the tower will also produce naphtha.

Combined Application of Boron and Methyl Jasmonate Through Modulating Tolerance Responses Improves Maize Growth and Yield Traits Under Drought Stress

Mohammad Heydarian — 2025-05-07

Maize, as one of the most important agricultural crops, is suffering from drought stress due to climate change, leading to a significant reduction in yields and thus food shortages worldwide. Foliar application of micronutrients and phytohormones has been introduced as an effective strategy to combat this condition. Therefore, this field study was conducted to evaluate the potential effect of application of boron (B) (0, 0.5%, 1%), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (0, 50, 100 μM), and their combinations on maize morphological, physiological, and yield characteristics under irrigation deprivation at eight-leaf and ear emergence stages. Our results showed that water deficit during early and late developmental stages significantly (p<0.05) decreased almost all growth and yield traits compared to well-irrigated plants, while application of different concentrations of B and MeJA, especially B3M2 and B3M3, alleviated the dryness detrimental effects. These observations suggest that combined treatments with B and MeJA can reinforce drought tolerance responses in maize plant. Further, our data revealed that water-stressed plants treatment with a combination of B and MeJA in different ways increased total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, free proline, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, quantum yield of photosystem II and activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) compared to water-treated plants. It can be concluded that foliar spraying of B and MeJA, especially in a combined manner, can significantly reduce the damage caused by water stress to the quantity and quality of the maize crop by positively regulating and improving the drought tolerance response.

Educational-Extension Model of Farmers' Adaptation to Climate Change in Ilam Province: A Qualitative Study based on Grounded Theory

Nasim Ahmadi — 2025-05-07

The occurrence of climate change and its effect on surface water flows and groundwater resources, along with improper management of water resources, have increased the vulnerability of human communities to these changes. Therefore, all societies need to learn how to deal with these unforeseen conditions. The purpose of this study is to provide an educational-extension model for farmers' adaptation to climate change in Ilam province through the benefit of experts in the agricultural sector. To achieve the stated goal, through purposeful sampling, information was collected from 20 agricultural experts through semi-structured interviews. Then, using the grounded theory method, an educational-extension model of farmers' adaptation to climate change was presented. The findings of this qualitative study show that the model has six components such as economic and production conditions of the farm, man-made activities in agriculture and industry, farmers' adaptation to climate change, implementation of educational, economic, management, infrastructure and agricultural strategies, financial and administrative problems, success and motivation of farmers in adapting to climate change and hope for the future of the profession. The results showed that the educational-extension model of farmers' adaptation to climate change can be classified into 46 concepts, 30 sub-categories, and 6 main categories.

An Investigation into the Influence of Strain Rate on the Mechanical Response of Kevlar/Glass Hybrid Composites

Mohsen Heydari Beni — 2025-05-12

This study proposes a micromechanics-based rate-dependent progressive damage model for predicting the dynamic mechanical behavior of hybrid composite laminates under strain rates. The model integrates the strain-rate sensitivity of constituent materials Glass fibers, Kevlar fibers, and an epoxy matrix facilitating independent simulation of fiber and matrix responses across diverse loading conditions. By employing the Mori–Tanaka method, Hashin’s criteria, and Johnson-Cook formulations, the framework incorporates critical parameters such as fiber orientation, ply sequence, and layer thickness ratio, enabling a comprehensive assessment of their influence on macroscopic mechanical properties. Theoretical predictions indicate that elevated strain rates substantially enhance tensile strength, failure strain, and elastic modulus. Benchmark comparisons with established numerical models confirm the accuracy of the proposed approach in capturing strain-rate-dependent behavior. Furthermore, the analysis highlights the role of hybridization in optimizing structural performance under dynamic loading, with demonstrated improvements in impact resistance and energy absorption efficiency. The presented model provides a computationally efficient and robust analytical tool for evaluating the strain-rate-sensitive response of hybrid composites, offering significant potential for the design and optimization of lightweight structures in aerospace, automotive, and defense applications.

Effect of Intraabdominal Hypopressive Exercises on Postnatal Backache and Functional Disability

Salwa A. Shawat — 2025-01-10

Background and Objectives: Hypopressive exercises are safe and beneficial for postpartum women. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hypopressive exercises on back pain, lordosis, and functional limitation in postpartum women. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 postpartum women with abnormal hyperlordosis were randomly assigned into two equal groups. For eight weeks, the study group underwent hypopressive abdominal exercises three times a week in addition to receiving traditional treatment for lower back pain (LBP), whereas the control group only received the traditional treatment. Outcomes were measured using the Revised Short McGill Pain Questionnaire Version-2 (SF-MPQ-2), lumbar lordotic angle (LLA), and the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS). Results: Both groups showed significant post-treatment improvements (P < 0.05) in pain (SF-MPQ-2), lumbar lordosis (LLA), and functional status (PSFS). However, the study group achieved greater improvements in pain (53.82% vs. 32.58%), LLA (26.71% vs. 21.49%), and PSFS (88.35% vs. 79.13%). Between-group comparisons showed a significant post-treatment difference in pain reduction favoring the study group (P = 0.001), though differences in LLA (P = 0.070) and PSFS (P = 0.386) were not significant. Conclusion: Hypopressive exercises, when combined with traditional treatment, effectively reduce postpartum back pain and improve lumbar alignment and functional outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating hypopressive training into postpartum rehabilitation programs for women with abnormal hyperlordosis and back pain.

Exploring the Interplay between Environmental Leadership, Environmental Consciousness, and Environmental Awareness in Promoting Sustainable Entrepreneurship: Evidence from the Telecommunication Sector of Pakistan

Haider Ali Shams — 2025-01-10

This research investigates the interplay between Environmental Leadership (EL), Sustainable Entrepreneurship (SE), Environmental Consciousness (EC), and Environmental Awareness (EV) within the telecommunication sector of Pakistan. Utilizing Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) through Smart PLS, the study explores how EL influences SE directly and indirectly through EC, and how EV moderates this relationship. Data collected from 90 professionals in the sector were analyzed to test the proposed hypotheses. Results indicate that EL positively impacts SE and EC, with EC mediating the EL-SE relationship. Additionally, EV was found to moderate the relationship between EL and SE, enhancing the positive effect of EL on SE when EV is high. The findings underscore integrating environmental consciousness and awareness into leadership strategies significance to foster sustainable entrepreneurship in the telecommunication sector.

Privacy-preserving based on federated learning with a case study on face recognition

Alireza Fathi — 2025-05-19

Federated learning is a new machine learning technique that trains an algorithm on decentralized edge devices or servers containing local data without exchanging them. Federated learning provides a solution to enhance the security and privacy of users. This research aims to improve machine security and minimize the error rate. The security of face recognition and domain changing in federated learning are investigated and the existing challenges are addressed. Finally, two separate codes with and without TensorFlow were implemented. A special file was considered for global settings of parameters such as encryption status, timeouts, number of clients, client failures, simulated noise, etc. and the results were extracted. The TensorFlow library was modified for use in federated learning. Also, the number of users, unbalanced input data, data distribution in domain changing, low-speed communications in modeling, computational ability of edge devices or clients, model convergence time, the effect of encryption algorithms on the final results, the impact of adding private noise in the implemented algorithm, the effect of the epsilon parameter in the implemented algorithm were investigated. It was found that although the solution of the generative adversarial network (GAN) is good for solving the domain-changing problem, it does not meet the security requirements. Subsequently, adding differential privacy solved the domain-changing problem and security issues. In homomorphic encryption, the security of hashing codes and their impact was investigated. According to the results, although the encryption type flag can be changed, the state of private and public keys should be available to users. Finally, the serialization of modules was tested. Using cryptographic modules, differential privacy modules, GAN modules, multi-party computation (MPC) modules, and cumulative modules leads to the resolution of domain adaptation and change problems, prevention of repeated training, and solving the security problem. By applying the federated learning algorithm to face image data, the results were compared with the FedAvg and FedFace algorithms. The comparison result proved the greater flexibility of our algorithm than the existing algorithms.

Regeneration of the Corneal Epithelium in the Animal Model of Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency (LSCD) Using the USSC Seeded on Amniotic Membrane

Milad Ahani-Nahayati — 2025-05-19

The loss of limbal stem cells (LSCs) results in the replacement of corneal epithelial cells with conjunctival epithelial cells, decreasing the usual clarity of the cornea and leading to impaired healing, scarring and vision loss. In this study, we evaluated the beneficial effects of Unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSC) from human cord blood (CB) seeded on the amniotic membrane in rabbits with limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) with corneal epithelium wounds. Accordingly, USSCs and LSCs were derived from human CB and limbus tissue. Flowcytometrymetry and karyotype are used to characterize USSCs andchromosomes'chromosomes and numbers. Then, such cells were seeded on the amniotic membrane (AM). The viability of USSCs and LSCs on AM was evaluated by MTT assay within 24, 48 and 72 hours of treatment.Further, the expression of epithelial markers, such as CK3, CK12 and P63, was evaluated using Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to evaluate the differentiation of cells seeded on AM to corneal epithelium. Further, photographic images in rabbit models of LSCD monitored the healing of corneal epithelium wounds. Based on the analysis, AM could promote cell viability in all periods. Also, increased expression of CK3, CK12 and P63 genes and morphological analysis verified the efficient differentiation of USSCs to corneal epithelium cells. Also, photographic images of rabbit eyes verified the wound healing process in AM and USSCs seeded on AM compared with the control group. In conclusion, we found that transplantation of USSCs seeded on AM could be an effective, innovative therapy to alleviate corneal epithelium wounds in animal models of LSCD.

Examining the Challenges of Smart Cities and the Necessity of Establishing Good Governance

Bahareh Zolghadr, Keramatollah Ziari, Maryam Khastou — 2025-05-19

The smart city is a thought-provoking concept that has garnered increasing attention from academic communities and citizens in recent years. This concept presents new horizons in urban planning and governance for urban managers, decision-makers, and policy-makers. However, like any phenomenon, it faces several challenges that must be addressed to show how urban governance is necessary in smart cites. The overall aim of this research is to present the challenges of smart city formation within the context of urban governance and to explain the necessity of establishing good governance for the management of smart cities. This research, after describing the theoretical foundations, dimensions, and components of a smart city, raises the challenges facing the smartening of cities in Iran. Using the Delphi technique and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and drawing on the opinions of 15 experts, it addresses the necessities of creating a good governance model in smart cities. This research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and mixed (quantitative and qualitative) in terms of nature, with a descriptive-documentary-survey method of implementation. The results indicate that there are five main challenges facing the creation of a smart city, including economic, educational, technical, governmental, and policy challenges. Considering the explanation of the characteristics of good urban governance, it is necessary for this governance to serve as a way to control and improve conditions for readiness to smarten cities and as an effective solution for the sustainable development of smart cities.

Numerical Study of Water Purification Process via Improved Ni-Si Metallic Substrate with TiO2 Nanobarriers: Molecular Dynamics Approach

Roya.Bakhshkandi, Mohammad.Samipoor Giri — 2025-05-19

Nanostructure refers to materials or objects with dimensions on the nanometer scale, exhibiting unique properties due to their small size, with potential applications in atomic purification procedures. In current research, we used TiO2 nano barriers for improve water purification performance of Ni-Si metallic substrate. For this purpose, molecular dynamics (MD) approach used for 20 ns in two main phases. In first 10 ns, equilibrium phase of aqueous environment-atomic substrate detected. Next, the purification process of designed samples described with micro-canonical ensemble. MD outputs in this section predicted rectangular and cubic TiO2 nano barriers performed appropriately. Numerically, the water purification efficiency converged to 89% and 83% by using rectangular and cubic nano barriers, respectively. Physically, this appropriate performance arises from attraction force between designed atomic substrate and H2O molecules. Also, MD results introduced nano barriers shape as an important parameter in manipulation of water purification procedure. So, this structural parameter should be supposed in actual applications.

Identifying and Prioritizing Indicators that are Effective in Improving Organizational Productivity in the Country's Tax Affairs Organization, Benefiting from the Experiences of Several Developed Countries

Khalil Esmaeilzadeh — 2025-05-19

This study aimed to identify and prioritize indicators that influence the improvement of organizational productivity within the country's Tax Affairs Organization, drawing on the experiences of several developed nations (Germany, America, France, China, Finland, Switzerland, Singapore, and Japan). The research methodology was descriptive (comparative-exploratory) and, in terms of its objective, was developmentally applied. A mixed-methods approach was utilized. Initially, in the qualitative phase, interviews with experts were conducted, and the data was analyzed through thematic analysis. Additionally, a systematic review of research literature and related articles from 2004 to 2024 was undertaken, following George F. Brady's (1969) four-step method (description, interpretation, neighborhood, and comparison). This approach identified factors that influence productivity improvement in the Iranian Tax Affairs Organization by drawing on the experiences of the eight aforementioned countries. Based on the identified dimensions and components, a research questionnaire was created and employed in the quantitative phase. In the quantitative phase, the researcher tested, validated, and calibrated the proposed model using the survey method with the questionnaire developed in the previous step. The qualitative findings indicated that 28 factors contribute to improving organizational productivity in tax organizations in developed countries, with 20 common factors identified for the Iranian Tax Affairs Organization. However, eight factors were found to be different and not present in the interviews conducted. The quantitative results revealed that, firstly, the relationships between the 28 identified factors in the research model were positive and significant at a 95% confidence level, based on path analysis. Secondly, the structural-interpretive model analysis indicated that the research model comprises five levels, with the fifth level being the most influential and the first being the least. Thirdly, model validation, using common fit indicators like GOF, Q2, and the results of a single-sample t-test for internal and external validity, confirmed the suitability of the research model. Finally, based on the research findings, recommendations and solutions were offered.

Assimilation Model of Erosion and Soil Moisture Based on Remote Sensing for the Hydraulic and Hydrologic Integration of the Taleghan Watershed

Erfan Razavi, Hassan Ahmadi, Bagher Ghermecheshmeh — 2025-05-19

This research focuses on investigating the challenges related to watershed management theory and data accessibility in watersheds, specifically concerning the evaluation of hydrological, water, and soil problems. The first part of the research involves the use of the ARC SWAT and Google Earth Engine software to model the Taleghan watershed, analyzing subbasins separately and in communication with each other. Key parameters such as sedimentation, erosion, soil moisture, and hydrological response were investigated after modeling, calibration, validation, and uncertainty analysis and were evaluated on the basis of the region's formation and watershed parameter types. This approach can help identify potential issues and enable more effective management of the watershed.

A comprehensive study was conducted to investigate specific processes of the hydrological cycle in a particular basin, including a detailed assessment of the balance and formations of the basin, as well as an investigation of the influence of soil moisture and curve number and sediment and erosion. The calibration was performed via the SUFI2 algorithm with an objective function, which is commonly used for hydrological modeling. The precise delineation of the basin and subbasin helped to create a high-precision communication model that accurately represents the system being studied. One key area of focus in this research was erosion potential and the hydrological process of soil moisture, which has been extensively investigated and high-resolution spatial and temporal mapped. Potential scenarios have also been proposed for addressing erosion and soil moisture in the area.

Finally, integration was achieved by calibrating sensitive parameters and combining runoff, erosion and sedimentation; soil moisture; the uncertainty parameter range; the optimization scenario; other relevant factors; and swat-cup affected parameters. This integrated model can be used in other areas with similar climatic conditions to predict productivity and integration. Overall, this study provides a practical and valuable model that could be useful for future research and land management efforts.

Investigation of the Behaviour of Boundary Elements in Mild Steel Shear Walls with an Externally Bonded Plate to One Boundary Element

Amir Azarpour — 2025-05-19

Recently, steel shear walls have been utilized as lateral load-resisting systems due to their good seismic performance in the structure as retrofitting and constructions of present ones. Steel shear walls are usually set up in three different ways: with stiffener, without stiffener, and composite, which the second type is more common. A stiffened steel shear wall contains a steel plate surrounded by columns and beams in which the filling plate is completely connected to the boundary elements. In this study, several specimens with different lengths whose inner plates were fully connected to the boundary elements were analyzed in ABAQUS. Then, the steel shear wall’s behaviour with partial length connection was assessed by connecting the plate to one of the boundary members. The outcomes endorse that initial stiffness and the base shear of steel shear walls with partial-length connections are less than those of steel shear walls with full connections. Furthermore, the plate yield stated board in steel shear walls with partial length connection was lower than the amount observed in steel shear walls with full connections. In addition, higher axial forces were applied to the columns in the cases of full connections compared to the other specimens. In the CF cases, the axially compressive force applied to the columns was less than that in the BF mode. In addition, the less bending moment is applied to the BF specimens. It is also concluded that the ductility factor of models with full connection is higher than that of partial-length connection specimens.

Numerical Simulation of fluidic aspects and heat transfer for geometry modification in an elliptical cylinder bundle

Dear Azizi, Mehrdad Malekzadeh Dirin, Ramin Ghasemiasl — 2025-05-19

In this paper, flow field separation due to an adverse pressure gradient around rotating elliptical cylinders in a two-dimensional laminar flow inside a rectangular-shaped channel is investigated. To do so, the effects of the cylinder’s rotation and aspect ratio are considered to examine the transient heat transfer, drag coefficient, velocity field, and vortex shedding. According to the results, it was reported that the maximum transient heat transfer occurred at Cylinder number 2, and the least heat transfer was related to Cylinder number 4. Thus, transient heat transfer increased by 33% by increasing the aspect ratio. The results show that the arrangement of elliptical cylinders inside the channel has caused the minimum pressure drop in the flow direction. The vortex generation frequency is also reported to be the least for the first cylinder located along the channel, and by moving from the channel inlet, the magnitude of these vortices becomes larger. The maximum drag force is imposed on Cylinder number 5 (the last cylinder), while, contrary to expectations, the least drag force is applied to Cylinder number 2. Statistically, by increasing the rotation angle from Cylinder number 2 to Cylinder number 5, the skin friction coefficient increases by 107%, denoting the increase in drag force. It is also reported that the vortex distribution is symmetrical around both sides of the cylinders.

Hybrid LSTM-XGBOOST Model for Sector-Specific Electricity Consumption Prediction in Iran: Incorporating Climate Scenarios and Sophisticated Machine Learning Methods

Fatemeh Karimidehkordi — 2025-05-19

Abstract: Precise forecasting of electricity use is crucial for efficient energy management, particularly in areas with diverse meteorological and economic circumstances. This study presents an innovative hybrid forecasting model that integrates Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks with Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBOOST) to anticipate power consumption in five principal sectors in Iran: industrial, agricultural, commercial, public, and residential. The model utilizes sophisticated feature selection and hyperparameter optimization to identify both linear and nonlinear consumption patterns, while integrating climate change scenarios (A1B, A1FI, and A1T) to evaluate future energy demand under diverse environmental conditions. The hybrid LSTM-XGBOOST model consistently outperforms individual models, exhibiting the lowest Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) values (4.20% to 10.79%) and the highest R² values across all sectors. The model's outstanding performance is particularly evident in its capacity to discern complex consumption patterns during peak periods and seasonal fluctuations. The study highlights the significant influence of regional characteristics, as evidenced by the exceptional forecast accuracy in provinces such as Bushehr and Semnan. It offers valuable insights for policymakers and energy system operators in Iran during their transition to renewable energy sources by proposing a robust and adaptable forecasting model that addresses sector-specific and regional issues, thereby advancing energy planning.

Design and Analysis of a flexible and optically transparent of Multi-Band Absorber with Polarization Insensitivity for conformal applications

Alireza Bayat, Reza Mirzakhani — 2025-05-19

This study presents the design and analysis of a multi-band, optically transparent metamaterial absorber (MA) based on a 5×5 array of unit cells, bent by 90 degrees to investigate its electromagnetic response over a frequency range of 0 to 25 GHz. The absorber is constructed using indium tin oxide (ITO) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films on a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) substrate, achieving high absorption efficiency across multiple frequency bands. Characteristic Mode Analysis (CMA) is applied to optimize the resonant behavior of cross-shaped and ring-shaped resonators, while accounting for the effects of bending on surface current distribution and modal coupling. Surface current distribution is thoroughly analyzed for the bent structure, revealing significant changes in resonant behavior compared to the flat configuration. The absorption characteristics are compared across different incident angles (0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°), with the results showing shifts in resonant frequency and absorption efficiency. Although absorption remains high at normal incidence, predictable degradation is observed at higher angles. The study provides key insights into the design of flexible, broadband absorbers for applications requiring transparency and angular stability, such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and stealth technology. This MA offers a promising solution for optoelectronic devices, with potential for further optimization to improve angular performance.

A Model for Analyzing Employees Career Path Based on Neuro-Fuzzy Network and Simulated Annealing Algorithm

Majid Riazi, Ghasem Tohidi, Mohammadali Keramati — 2025-05-19

In today's business world, the competitiveness and survival of any organization depends on the availability of human resources appropriate to the jobs of that organization, so having an intelligent career path model helps organizations to analyze career path of employees scientifically and efficiently in the best possible time and meet their manpower needs more quickly. In this paper, we present a model for analyzing the career path of employees using neuro-fuzzy network and simulated annealing meta-heuristic algorithm. in the experimental study the outputs of model show potential of each employee to be placed in different jobs of organization, to analyze the career path of employees with the model obtained 10-year data of the employees of a transportation company in Tehran was used. Finally, by using defuzzification a percentage is determined for each of the outputs which predicts the potential of each employee to be placed in organizational jobs and helps the organization to appointment of employees in different jobs. For optimization the simulated annealing algorithm has been compared with the genetic algorithm and ant colony optimization algorithm, that the simulated annealing algorithm shows better results. the presented model has very good prediction accuracy.

Digital Transformation and Green Finance: Focusing on Creating a Sustainable Ecosystem to Improve Corporate Governance and Financial Transparency

Seyed Ali Ahmadzadeh — 2025-05-19

In today's world, digital transformation and green finance are recognized as two key factors in sustainable development. Given the environmental and economic challenges, the need for creating a sustainable ecosystem that enhances corporate governance and financial transparency is increasingly felt. The aim of this paper is to examine and analyze the role of digital transformation and green finance in establishing such an ecosystem that leads to improved corporate governance and financial transparency.

Digital transformation can enhance business processes and increase efficiency through the use of new technologies. Additionally, the utilization of big data and advanced analytics enables better decision-making. On the other hand, green finance supports sustainable projects and green investments that have positive impacts on the environment and society.

Creating a sustainable ecosystem requires collaboration among governmental, private, and civil society sectors. Furthermore, establishing appropriate legal and financial frameworks to support green initiatives is essential. By leveraging digital technologies, organizations can increase transparency and accountability, thereby building trust among investors and stakeholders.

Ultimately, the paper concludes that the combination of digital transformation and green finance can contribute to improving corporate governance and financial transparency, ultimately leading to sustainable development.

Analysis of Institutional Capacity-Building Barriers in Urban Governance: A Strategic Approach in Tehran Metropolis

Reza Shadmanfar, Amirhosein Pourjohari, Hosein Imani Jajarmi — 2025-05-19

Introduction: Institutional capacity-building in neighborhood communities is a critical strategy for urban sustainable development. This study aims to analyze the challenges and implications of institutional capacity-building in Tehran's neighborhood communities.

Materials and Methods: This qualitative study employed conventional content analysis. The research sample consisted of 22 urban experts selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the Graneheim and Landman method with MAXQDA 2018 software.

Findings: The results revealed the multidimensional implications of institutional capacity-building in Tehran's neighborhood communities. Content analysis identified six key subcategories emerging from the interactions of individual, social, and institutional factors. At the individual level, participants emphasized personal capability enhancement and social skill development. Collective-level findings highlighted the importance of strengthening social capital and neighborhood solidarity.

Conclusion: The study demonstrates that institutional capacity-building is a strategic approach to urban sustainable development. The primary challenges include structural limitations, a lack of specialized human resources, and cultural barriers. Success requires a comprehensive, participatory approach to address the ongoing urban changes. The key outcome is the identification of the necessity for continuous institutional restructuring to empower local communities.

Design and Simulation of a Microstrip 16x16 Butler Matrix for NR-IFF Radar Application

Mohsen Fallah — 2025-05-19

In this paper, a new microstrip design for the 16x16 Butler matrix is presented. It is well-known that as the number of input/output ports of the Butler matrix increases, so does the number of internal crossovers and thus the complexity of the whole structure increases impractically. Therefore, most reports have been limited to the design and realization of 4x4 and 8x8 Butler matrices. However, in this paper and through the relocation of input/output ports and also by using a two-layer substrate, a new 16x16 Butler matrix is designed to be used in a Non-Rotating IFF radar for the commutation of the active sector of its cylindrical antenna array.

Pattern Synthesis in Butler-Matrix-Fed Cylindrical Antenna Array for Monopulse NR-IFF Radar Application

Mohsen Fallah — 2025-05-19

This paper presents the design and procedure of pattern synthesis in a cylindrical antenna array with electronic scan capability suitable for Non-Rotating Identification Friend or Foe (NR-IFF) radar system. To this purpose, 64 printed dipole antennas are placed around a cylindrical ground plane, out of which 16 elements in a 90-degree active sector are united to form the sum and difference radiation patterns required for monopulse technique. The electronic scan can be achieved through commutation of the active sector by a suitable feed network based on the Butler matrix, some variable phase shifters and SP4T switches. MATLAB and HFSS are linked together and particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to synthesize the desired radiation pattern in the active sector. This method is capable of taking into account the mutual coupling effect between the array elements and compensate for it during the design procedure.

Analyzing and Identifying Narcissistic Traits in Instagram Reels Through the Application of Machine Learning Algorithms

Aliakbar Jafarizadeh, Erfaneh Noroozi, Hamideh Rezaei Nezhad — 2025-05-19

The objective of this research was to investigate and identify narcissism in Instagram Reels content through the use of machine learning algorithms. The research methodology includes data collection, processing, analysis, and the application of machine learning algorithms. Machine learning methods and text analysis are employed to examine the data. The data is classified using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm, and the outcomes are assessed based on F1, accuracy, and recall metrics. These metrics assist in evaluating the model's performance and accuracy in detecting narcissism and in comparing the model's results with actual data. The findings indicate a strong correlation between narcissism and user behavior on social networks, particularly Instagram.

The Effect of Antibiotics on Urban Wastewater Cod Assessment and Their Control by Magnetically Activated Carbon

Mahsa Molasalehi — 2025-05-19

In this study, the effect of ten pharmaceutical micro pollutants from the categories of antibiotics drugs on the activated sludge process was studied. In order to express the extent of this undesirable effect, two indices, inhibition percentage and toxicity index, were calculated. The COD trend during the sludge process was considered as an evaluation factor.

In reactors containing 2 mg/L of each drug, it was observed that the COD removal rate was reduced by 49% compared to the control reactor. This impairment in COD removal varied depending on the type of drug.

Before evaluating the efficiency of this pretreatment method, the separation of activated carbon by two methods of coagulation, flocculation and magnetization was also evaluated.
To this end, by adding using magnetized activated carbon for pretreatment up to a concentration of 5000 mg/L, the inhibition COD removal rate for wastewater contaminated with 20 mg of the drug combination reaches 16%. Also, the optimal contact time for effective removal of drugs by magnetic activated carbon is 90 minutes. The results showed that the adverse effect of pharmaceutical pollutants in wastewater reactors containing 2 mg/L of all drugs when passing through the pretreatment stage COD is reduced by 71%.

Unsupervised Evaluation and Selection of ROIs for Remote Photoplethysmography

Mehdi Moghimi, Hadi Grailu — 2025-05-19

In this paper, we have proposed an unsupervised method for the evaluation and selection of regions of interest (ROIs) in remote photoplethysmography (rPPG). Our approach involves several key steps: (1) face detection and tracking, (2) segmentation of the face into sub-regions designated as ROIs, (3) extraction of pulse signals from each region and computation of property scores based on sliding-window analysis and statistical assessment using signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and accuracy metrics, and (4) integration of the selected pulse signals to estimate the final pulse signal. We compared our method against traditional techniques such as Green, CHROM, and POS, demonstrating substantial improvements in SNR and accuracy. Our method achieved a minimum SNR of 4.55, approximately 50% higher than the best-performing traditional method (POS, 1.95), with an average SNR of 7.11, outperforming POS and CHROM by 40% and 43%, respectively.In terms of accuracy, our method achieved a minimum of 95.5%, exceeding existing methods by 3.8% to 4.2%.The average accuracy of our method (96.85%) shows a clear improvement over traditional methods (Green, CHROM, POS), enhancing the reliability of heart rate estimation, especially in low SNR environments. The findings underscored our method's potential as a reliable and precise solution for heart rate estimation, especially in low SNR environments, which is critical for remote health monitoring technologies. The results not only highlighted the advancements in rPPG signal extraction compared to traditional methods, but also indicated substantial benefits for applications such as telemedicine, rPPG video compression, etc. where accurate monitoring of vital signs and physiological signal preservation are essential.

Predicting Final Construction Costs of Hospitals Based on Initial Project Attributes: An Advanced Regression Approach

Mohammad Vaezi Jezeh, Aliasghar Amirkardoust, Davood Sedaghat Shayegan — 2025-05-19

Accurate estimation of construction costs at the early stages of hospital projects is critical for effective budgeting and planning in healthcare infrastructure. Given the complexity of hospital design and the sensitivity of healthcare systems to cost overruns, advanced modeling techniques are required to improve forecast accuracy. This study aims to predict the final construction cost of hospital projects based on initial project attributes using multiple regression approaches, including Linear Regression, Support Vector Regression (SVR), Random Forest Regression, and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). A synthetic dataset of 100 hospital projects was generated, capturing variables such as built-up area, number of beds, seismic zone, contract type, prefabrication method, and sustainability certification. Each model was trained and evaluated using standard performance metrics including RMSE, MAPE, and R². Results revealed that Random Forest Regression outperformed all other models, achieving the lowest prediction error and highest coefficient of determination (R² = 0.65), while SVR and ANN underperformed due to overfitting and insufficient data. The findings underscore the effectiveness of ensemble learning techniques in capturing the non-linear, multi-dimensional nature of hospital construction costs. This study provides a practical, data-driven framework for improving cost forecasting during the pre-construction phase, supporting better decision-making and risk mitigation in healthcare infrastructure development.

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Construction Scheduling: Comparative Analysis of MLP, SVR, and Decision Trees

Reza Zandi Doulabi — 2025-05-22

Efficient scheduling of healthcare infrastructure projects plays a crucial role in enhancing public health services by ensuring timely delivery and optimal resource allocation. This study investigates the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network, in predicting project completion times for healthcare construction projects. A dataset of 300 real-world healthcare projects in Iran was analyzed, incorporating variables such as budget, number of beds, geographic location, and contractor profile. The MLP model demonstrated superior predictive performance compared to Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Decision Tree Regression, achieving a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 12.6 days and a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 16.8 days with an R² score of 0.94. These results highlight the potential of AI-driven models to support data-informed decision-making in healthcare project management, reduce scheduling uncertainties, and improve project success rates. The findings offer practical implications for policymakers and project managers seeking to modernize infrastructure planning through intelligent forecasting techniques.

The Application of System Dynamics in Claim Management of Hospital Projects: Scenario Analysis and Simulation

Reza Zandi Doulabi — 2025-05-22

This paper explores the use of system dynamics in claim management for hospital projects, which face challenges like delays, design changes, financial issues, and legal disputes. Eight scenarios, including delays in manpower, legal disputes, environmental claims, and frequent design changes, are simulated. Results show how changes in one factor can trigger cascading effects on others. Reduced funding and quality increase claims and delays, while improved quality and resource management reduce them. System dynamics is a valuable tool for predicting problems and improving decision-making, particularly in complex hospital projects.

Effect of Sand Particle Size (Grading) On Mechanical Strength and Durability of Epoxy Resin Mortar

Hadja Kawthar — 2025-05-29

This experimental study compares the properties of traditional cement mortar with epoxy resin-based mortars. In the resin mortars, Portland cement was entirely replaced with a blend of epoxy resin and hardener, used at a fixed ratio of 12.5% resin-hardener mixture to 87.5% aggregates by weight. Various aggregate types and sizes were investigated, including three grades of fine silica sand (fine: 0.063–0.63 mm; medium: 0.16–0.63 mm; coarse: 0.08–1.25 mm) and two grades of marble sand (fine: 1–4 mm; medium: 3–8 mm).

The study evaluates the mechanical performance (compressive and flexural strength), thermal insulation (via thermal conductivity), and durability of these mortars. Durability was assessed through changes in mass and compressive strength before and after exposure to hydrochloric and sulfuric acid solutions.

Results show that mortars made with marble aggregates exhibited slightly lower mechanical strength compared to those with silica sand. However, all epoxy resin mortars demonstrated significantly improved thermal insulation, with thermal conductivity values decreasing from 1.75 to 0.95 W/m·K. Acid resistance was also enhanced in all resin mortars, with the greatest degradation observed in hydrochloric acid and the least in sulfuric acid. Additionally, the reduced water absorption of resin mortars contributed to their improved durability.

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2025-06-02

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Optimizing Robot API Connections for Multimedia Data Transmission: A Federated Learning Approach

Alireza Fathi — 2025-06-02

This paper explores optimal methods for robots to connect with API services when handling video streaming, large image transfers, and other high-bandwidth data exchanges. We evaluate traditional centralized approaches against emerging federated learning architectures, comparing performance metrics including latency, bandwidth efficiency, data privacy, and computational overhead.

On the Implementation of the Eco-Friendly Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Autoclaved Aerated Block Waste Aggregate; Experimental Assesment and AI Modeling

Seyed Ali Taleghani-esfahani — 2025-06-05

Geopolymer mixtures offer an enhanced alternative to implement an eco-friendly solution in construction industry. These mixtures exhibit similar or better mechanical and structural properties in comprising of cement and can use recycling and by-product materials. Against this background, an eco-friendly advantageous were achieved from the engineers and researchers by using waste materials to replace cement and attention to reduce CO₂ emission during its procedure. Therefore, an eco-friendly geopolymer concrete (GPC) incorporating autoclaved aerated block waste (AABW) aggregate with Na₂SiO₃ / NaOH =1/5 and molarity=12 were developed. Moreover, the geopolymer mixtures were exposed to elevated temperature between 200 and 800 ⁰C. Then, the post-fire evaluation, mechanical behaviour and micro structure analysis were investigated. The proposed research presented that the fibers slightly decreased the compressive strength of GPC and the 1.25% PP fibres displayed the least performance, i.e. around 13% decrease, compared to the unreinforced mixtures. Post-fire behaviour of mixtures exhibit that the compressive strength of eco-friendly GPC containing AABW aggregate increased first for all mixes but in the range of 400 - 800°C it decreased at a higher rate due to the dehydration of the geopolymer matrix. Besides, the melting of the fibres due to high temperature and the thermal reaction mechanism of free water evaporation causes the reduction on mechanical properties by a temperature range of 400°C to 800°C. At the second step, the machine learning techniques (e.g., multilayer perceptron neural network and M5 prime) were used for modeling of the compressive, tensile strength and module of elasticity of eco-friendly GPC containing AABW aggregate.

DYNAMICS PROPERTIES OF HOLE DEFECT ON MESOSCOPIC 2D SYSTEM

Sayhi Mostefa — 2025-01-10

We present a study of the dynamic phenomena at the inhomogeneous surface crystalline. The breakdown of translation symmetry induced by the inhomogeneity, gives rise to localized modes at its neighbourhood. The formalism of the matching method, the Newton equation and Green function are used to calculate the Rayleigh branches and associate state densities. The numerical results are presented in a large band of scattering energies. This illustrates theoretically the variation of localized phonons and their spectra of states densities for the softening, homogeneous and the hardening elastic constants of the neighbourhood of the perturbed domain. The coherent coupling between these localized phonons induced by the defect and the travelling modes of the perfect waveguide lead to Fano resonances at the state density spectra and Rayleigh dispersion branches.

The Role of Material Properties and Operating Conditions in Fatigue Life Prediction: An Experimental and Statistical Approach

Abdelhakim Djalab — 2025-01-10

Material fatigue is now an essential aspect of modern industrial engineering as it has a significant impact on the strength and reliability of mechanical components in industrial systems. The study of fatigue mechanisms under different operating conditions is critical to achieving durable, long-lasting designs. This experimental study investigates the fatigue behaviour of locally fabricated materials subjected to rotational bending. The main objectives are to determine the fatigue limit for a given cycle and the endurance limit. In order to characterise the fatigue strength of the material, a group of identical specimens were subjected to cycles of a specific shape. To analyse the effect of three operational variables - hardness (H), surface roughness (Ra) and applied stress (σ) - on the life (number of cycles) of the specimens, experiments were carried out using a Taguchi L18 mixed design. In conclusion, the
results were statistically analyzed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Analysis of Variance. The findings show that the applied stress is the most significant factor affecting specimen fatigue (lifetime), contributing 38.53%, followed by hardness. Additionally, the high value of the coefficient of determination, derived from the Taguchi method and the developed RSM, clearly
demonstrates a strong correlation between the predicted and experimental data.

A Numerical Method for Analyzing the Effects of Migration on Regional Population Change

Suresh Kumar Sahani, Ram Hridya Mandal — 2025-06-16

Migration is a crucial determinant in regional population dynamics, influencing demographic equilibrium, labor market structure, and socio-economic development. This paper presents a numerical methodology to quantify and analyze the effects of migration on regional population change using a mathematically formalized model integrating partial differential equations (PDE), numerical interpolation, and validated datasets from international population databases. The methodological framework is structured upon the spatial-temporal population balance equation, discretized via finite difference methods (FDM). An empirical application based on Eurostat’s migration and population dataset (2000–2020) evaluates the model’s effectiveness across selected European regions. The model reveals that net migration, even when marginal, exhibits nonlinear amplification effects on population projections over time due to feedback mechanisms in birth-death dynamics. The numerical simulations validate the sensitivity of regional populations to migratory trends, offering a precise computational lens for demographers and policymakers alike.This work is motivated by the work of [33-53]).

Heat Transfer in Solids. Dual Phase Lag, Thermal Stationary Waves and the Development of Thermal Strings Model: Masonry Wall Case Study

S Veranoudis — 2025-01-10

The purpose of this study is the development of an analytical solution based computational tool for heat transfer in solids. The proposed method extends the Dual Phase Lag theory by the introduction of the solid body that is considered as a pulsating thermal string whose oscillations correspond to temperature fluctuations. These oscillations give stationary thermal waves in every axis. The combination of the three dimensional 3D Thermal Strings provided the ability to describe the temperature changes of solid bodies, the calculation of the relaxation time required towards equilibrium, and the thermal load required to keep a non-equilibrium state. The model is based on the analytical solution of the heat transfer equation in three dimensions, so it can deal for the whole solid body e.g. a wall element. It is proved that these oscillations are critical dumped ones and the model uses mathematical formulations to calculate the time required for an area to reach a “target temperature” which describes the final temperature. The solution depends on the initial and boundary conditions of the solid. The validation and reliability of the Thermal Strings model were obtained by comparing the results of the proposed model against the classic heat transfer which found to be identical.

Investigating the Effectiveness of Dry Needling on the Outcomes of Spasticity, Range of Motion, Function, Dynamic, and Static Balance in People with Stroke

Seyed Mehdi Okhravi — 2025-01-10

Purpose: This clinical trial evaluated the effectiveness of dry needling on the outcomes of spasticity, range of motion, function, and dynamic, and static balance in people with stroke

Materials and Methods: Twenty-one people with stroke participated in this clinical trial and were randomly assigned to one of two groups real dry needling (intervention group) and sham needling (control group). Subjects of the intervention group received one of dry needling treatment in the gastrocnemius, soleus, and posterior tibialis muscles. Needling was performed conically and for one minute in a fast in-fast out way in the muscles. The study outcomes included spasticity, active and passive ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, dynamic, function, and static balance. Outcomes were measured four times before the intervention, immediately after needling, one week later, and one month later. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the results. The effectiveness of the intervention was calculated using Cohen's D effect size.

Results: The results revealed that the degree of spasticity in the group that received real dry needling for lower limb muscles was significantly reduced immediately after treatment and one week later compared to before treatment. However, dry needling immediately after the intervention led to an increase in active and passive ankle range of motion. No significant difference was observed between the real dry needling and sham groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in improving the overall condition based on the Brunnstrom Recovery Scale.

Conclusion: The results suggest that real dry needling is effective in reducing spasticity, increasing the active and passive ankle dorsiflexion range, and improving dynamic balance in the short-term intervention.

The Main Challenges and Risks of Adopting AI in the UK Fintech Sector

Farshid Pazira — 2025-01-10

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a pivotal force in transforming the financial technology (fintech) industry, particularly in the UK, over the past ten years. The implementation of AI in fintech presents several challenges, notably data privacy and security concerns due to the sensitive nature of financial data. The purpose of this study was to examine the main challenges and risks of adopting AI in the UK fintech sector. To achieve these objectives, a qualitative research approach was employed, utilizing document analysis as the primary data collection method. The study examined case studies of UK fintech companies that have attempted to integrate AI into their operations between 2013 and 2023. Content analysis was conducted on the collected data to identify recurring themes and patterns related to AI adoption challenges. The results illustrate that even though the UK fintech industry is currently experiencing rampant AI uptake, the industry encounters enormous problems that inhibit the effective use of AI, including technological restrictions, resistance from within organizations, complications from regulations, as well as ethical issues, among the key challenges identified. The study herein also reveals interconnections between these challenges in terms of AI adoption producing less than desirable results. Moreover, this study emphasizes leadership and strategic vision as pivotal for addressing these challenges; hence, there is a need for solid regulatory frameworks that foster innovation while protecting moral principles.

Analysis of the Types and Themes of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Lullabies

Seyyed Borzo Jamalianzadeh — 2025-01-10

Lullabies are considered to be one of the most natural types of poetry in Iran and the world, produced with simple language and clear feelings, and are a comprehensive mirror of part of the changes in society, in which mothers’ wishes are reflected. By examining and analyzing these types of songs, one can observe the social changes of the past era. This literary genre has a special place among the literature of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province.

Lullabies are one of the main types of lyrical literature in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces. The themes of lullabies in this region can be considered to include the reflection of love and affection for children and the satisfaction of the child's emotional needs, the wishes of mothers in lullabies, the glory of mothers for their children, the expression of livelihood issues, the influence of nature and lifestyle in lullabies, references to religious, social, cultural and economic issues, teaching hobbies, games, etc. In this article, after the introduction and statement of the background and research method, we will discuss the classification of lullabies in this region, and issues such as the influence of nature in lullabies, religious beliefs in lullabies, the expression of livelihood issues in lullabies, the expression of wishes in lullabies, and glory in lullabies will be the main axes of this discussion. It is worth noting that the author has divided the lullabies of this region into four categories: caressing, awakening, frightening and paternal.

Community Protection with Spatial Web Services and New Spatial Objects

Hooshang Eivazy — 2025-01-10

Today, societies experience different crises such as natural, political, cultural, religious, economical, and so on. The lack of understanding and timely identification of these crises may lead to the prosperity of national or international societies. On the other hand, most of the crises due to their particular characteristics cannot be resolved solely by government resources and actions. On the other side, the people have certain potential that can be cured by their effective utilization, a significant part of the consequences of the crisis. In this paper, the aim is to use a spatial crowdsourcing service in the context of spatial information systems to use the potential effective members of community to solve various classes of problems. Also, based on the data obtained from such services, there are some specific management tools and methods that can be used to monitor the balance of society in different cultural, religious, and economic sectors. In the following, a graph network is created upon the data obtained from this service. Then, based on this graph, a new definition of geographical phenomena is given. In this way, some kind of new geographical phenomena is introduced which is based on positive or negative spatial operations. Also, some existing models for processing social graphs are somehow tailored to the crowdsourcing services. The main purpose of these modifications is to apply spatial corrections to social graph models by using spatial information systems.

Acute Toxicity of the Water-Soluble Fraction of Diesel Oil (WSD) on Beluga (Huso Huso)

Amin Varnik — 2025-01-10

Among the different types of pollutants, oil production is one of the most significant contaminants of aquatic ecosystems. Acute toxicity tests (96 h) were conducted to determine the lethal toxicity of the water-soluble fraction of diesel oil (WSD) to beluga (Huso huso), a unique and reliable model of commercial fish species in the Caspian Sea. The acute toxicity test was performed in a static renewal system based on the standard method proposed by the OECD over 96 h, during which physicochemical parameters of the test water, including pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature, were monitored. To determine the lethal range of diesel oil for fish, a range-finding test was carried out in fiberglass tanks containing 200 L of municipal water and 7 fish. The acute toxicity test was then performed in 5 treatments in triplicate. The obtained data were analyzed using probit analysis with a 5% confidence limit. According to the results, the 24 h LC50, 48 h LC50, 72 h LC50, and 96 h LC50 diesel oil on beluga were 36.96%, 33.67%, 23.85%, and 19.42% WSD, respectively. The Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (MATC) of diesel oil on beluga was 1.94%, and the Lowest Observed Effect Concentration, equal to the 96 h LC50, was 9.554%. The safe level was calculated based on several standard methods. The results indicated that beluga, unlike other aquatic species, is less resistant to diesel oil.

Preparation of Chitosan Biodegradable Polymer Composite: Study of Kinetics and Release Models of NPK Fertilizer in Aquatic Environment

Somayeh Azizmoradi — 2025-01-10

Frankincense fertilizers are a promising way to reduce environmental pollution. In this research, the biodegradable polymer chitosan composite was prepared by in-situ hydrogelation method. The release process of NPK fertilizer, as the most widely used chemical fertilizers used by farmers, was evaluated using this polymer composite. The release of NPK fertilizer was investigated at three different pH levels of 8, 7, and 6 in a period of 720 hours. The ability to release the studied fertilizers and the morphological conditions of the prepared composite were determined by FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDAX. The release mechanism of NPK was investigated by fitting four mathematical models. The results showed that in the zero-order, Higuchi and Krasmir Peppas model, the diffusion coefficient was high in the early stages of fertilizer release.

Role of Educational Administrators and Teachers in Implementing Educational Policies

Mir Hadi Moazen Jamshidi — 2025-01-10

Street-level bureaucracy is a research area in public administration that has received less attention in our country and encompasses a significant portion of employees in government organizations, including operational staff. This study aimed to answer the question of whether school managers and teachers in Iran can be considered street-level bureaucrats. Additionally, this study seeks to address the conditions under which these individuals can act as useful and effective street-level bureaucrats. This is a qualitative study that collected data through semi-structured interviews. The data were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding methods. The interviewees in this study were school managers, teachers, and educational administration managers from the capital of Gilan Province, located in northern Iran, who were selected purposefully. The results of the study indicate that school managers and teachers influence the functioning of the educational structure in various ways and, when favorable conditions are present, can serve as effective and useful bureaucrats in achieving the goals of educational policy.

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Retracted — 2025-01-10

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The Media's Role in Environmental Protection and Urban Life

Samaneh Jafarzadeh — 2025-01-10

This study explores the crucial role of media in promoting citizenship rights with a focus on environmental protection. Social and urban life is deeply interconnected with the environment, and citizens' environmental rights can only be fully realized when addressed collectively. This research, centered on Tehran's population, employs a researcher-developed questionnaire to measure environmental literacy across knowledge, attitude, and behavior dimensions. The study identifies significant relationships between media consumption, particularly television, and environmental awareness. Despite the challenges posed by inadequate enforcement of laws, fragmented urban management, and unchecked urban expansion, the media can play a pivotal role in fostering environmental education and awareness. By leveraging popular media networks, producing engaging content, and collaborating with planning groups, the media can enhance public understanding and proactive participation in environmental conservation. The findings underscore the importance of a well-informed, environmentally conscious society in achieving sustainable urban development.

Case Studies of Legal Inclusive Design and Policy in Compliance with the AI Act: Amplifying Older Adults’ Voices in AI-Enabled Robotics through a Fundamental Rights-Based Design

Shabahang Arian — 2025-01-10

Assistive robotics are emerging as promising technological solutions that enhance both the physical and social well-being of older adults, promoting autonomy, dignity, and independent living. While much of the existing literature primarily focuses on the risks posed by AI and robotics—particularly around issues such as emotional vulnerability, privacy concerns, and threats to human dignity—this article adopts a more balanced approach. It acknowledges the inherent risks associated with socially assistive robotics (SARs), but also emphasizes the potential of these technologies to safeguard and promote the rights of older adults through fundamental rights-based design. To that end, the article aims to amplify the voices of older individuals in the design, implementation and regulation of SAR technologies. It underscores the critical need for “fundamental rights-based”, “inclusive” “legal” design model that safeguards digital inclusion, privacy, social and cultural participation, safety, and dignity of older adults. By offering exemplary legal design models that align with key standards such as the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFR), the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and the Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA), it demonstrates how legal design can ensure compliance with existing legal frameworks while promoting innovations. Beyond legal frameworks, the article also calls for robust “social policy measures” that support inclusion and accessibility in AI-assisted care. By addressing both the legal and social dimensions, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on the legal design and deployment of AI-enabled assistive technologies to create more just, inclusive and human-centered future for older adults’ care through automation.

An Examination of Price Insurance in International Transactions

Nadia Nazari — 2025-01-10

In today’s globalized world, with the expansion of international trade and increasing financial and legal complexities, ensuring the fulfillment of contractual obligations has become paramount. One of the most effective instruments in this regard is price insurance, which shifts the risk of non-payment from the parties involved in a transaction to insurance entities, thereby enhancing trust and facilitating smoother exchanges. As a form of guarantee contract, price insurance not only mitigates risks associated with financial non-performance but also stabilizes business relationships and improves cash flow. However, differences in the interpretation of laws and legal standards at both national and international levels pose significant challenges to the optimal implementation of guarantee insurance. Moreover, economic volatility, rapid market fluctuations, and uncertainties stemming from regional political and economic conditions underscore the necessity for innovative solutions within insurance systems. From a technological perspective, the adoption of tools such as blockchain and artificial intelligence for transparent transaction recording and financial data analysis can greatly enhance the efficiency and oversight of insurance contracts. These innovations provide access to real-time, accurate information, minimize human error, and increase the level of confidence between contracting parties. Ultimately, price insurance, through the integration of legal, economic, and technological approaches, holds the potential to establish a transparent and secure transactional system. As a key instrument for risk mitigation and confidence-building in international transactions, it can play a vital role in the sustainable development of global trade. Consequently, the need for up-to-date and harmonized policies in this field is more critical than ever.

The Effect of Dynamic School Yards on Violence Control among Elementary School Boys: A Clinical Trial in Southern Iran.

Rahmatullah Jafari — 2025-01-10

Background: Nowadays, violence is an important issue between students in schools that has many destructive effects on students wellbeing. One way that suggests to overcome violence in children is dynamic yard. Thus, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of dynamic school yards on the control of violence among male students in elementary schools in Kerman city in 2021.

Methods: This was a semi-experimental interventional study and the data collection tool was a student demographic information questionnaire and a violence scale questionnaire. 360 students from four schools that had suitable courtyards were selected by stratified random sampling in two stages. Descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U, Fisher and Chi-square tests were used by SPSS version 26 software.

Results: The differences of physical, verbal and emotional violence in the intervention and control groups were not significant before the intervention and the two groups were similar (P > 0.05), and after the intervention the difference was not significant (P >0.05) either; but mean score of physical, verbal and emotional violence was less in both groups.

Conclusion: The findings showed dynamic yard does not effective on violence control. Also, violence control is related to multiple casual factors and change in the school environment is not sufficient to control the students’ violence and more studies to investigate this issue are needed.

Impact of Cash Holdings on Return on Assets of Companies Listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange

Sajedeh Heidari — 2025-01-10

This study aims to investigate the impact of cash holdings on the return on assets (ROA) of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. This research is categorized as a descriptive accounting study. From a purpose-oriented perspective, it is applied research, and methodologically, it employs a correlational–regression approach. The statistical population comprises all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange between 2010 and 2015. A sample of 102 companies was selected using the purposive elimination method. Data analysis was performed using the PLS2 technique. The results of the structural equation modeling indicated that the significance level between cash holdings and return on assets is 0.000, which confirms a significant relationship between the two variables at a 0.05 error level. Therefore, it can be concluded that cash holdings have a significant impact on the return on assets of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Moreover, based on the factor loadings, this relationship is found to be direct.

Optimal Scheduling Strategy of Multi-physics Coupled Computing Resources Based on Machine Learning

Cheng Chen — 2025-07-16

Multi-physics coupled simulations imposes stringent demands on high-performance computing(HPC) resources, particularly regarding physical memory consumption. The inappropriate allocation of HPC resources may result in computational task failures or inefficient resource utilization. To enhance the utilization rate of the scarce large-memory computing resources in HPC clusters, this study explores the prediction methods for resource requirements and computation time of multi-physics coupling calculations, as well as rational allocation strategies for computing resources.By analyzing the characteristics of multi-physics coupling computational tasks and utilizing actual data collected from fluid-structure-acoustic(FSA) coupling computations, this study establishes an effective resource prediction model for FSA coupling calculations based on various machine learning algorithms. Subsequently, based on the forecasting results and HPC node configurations, an optimal allocation model for computing nodes is developed using an improved selection and elimination method based on weight estimation. This approach achieves a balanced optimization between computation time and resource allocation.Experimental results indicate that the proposed methods can effectively predict the resource requirements and computation time for multi-physics coupling calculations and provide optimal strategies for resource allocation, thereby resulting in an average decrease of 17.5% in computation time and an improvement of 20.4% in resource utilization efficiency.

Effect of Reflexo Therapy of Sole on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Yomna E. Ghanem — 2025-07-28

Background and aim: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) represents a critical disorder affecting many women and their fetuses. The aim of this study was to detect the effects of reflexo therapy of sole on GDM.

Materials and Methods: Thirty-six pregnant women, maternally-aged between 20-35 years old and body mass index not exceeding 30 kg/m². They were randomly assigned to one of two groups; Group A received the reflexo therapy of sole combined with the standard antenatal care and group B that received the standard antenatal care only. The treatment protocol was applied for three sessions a week for four consecutive weeks. The main outcome measures were assessed pre- and post-intervention and included first, the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test in two occasions; fasting plasma glucose and 2-h post-prandial glucose. Second, the Hemoglobin A1C test.

Results: Post-treatment analysis revealed significant differences between both groups in oral glucose tolerance test and HbA1c (p= < 0.05) in favor of group A as compared to group B.

Conclusions: Reflexo therapy of sole combined with the standard antenatal care is more effective than the standard antenatal care alone in reducing fasting plasma glucose, 2-h post-prandial glucose, and HbA1c for women with GDM.